Question 1: Define the rule for how voltage divides across components in a series circuit.

Answer: In a series circuit, the total voltage across all components equals the sum of the voltages across each component.

Question 2: Explain why the current remains the same throughout a series circuit but varies in a parallel circuit.

Answer: In a series circuit, current is the same at all points because there is only one path for flow. In a parallel circuit, current varies because it splits at junctions into different branches.

Question 3: State the rule for how resistance adds in a series circuit.

Answer: Total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the resistances of each component.

Question 4: Describe how resistances combine in a parallel circuit.

Answer: In a parallel circuit, the total resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance and is found using the reciprocal sum: 1/R_total = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + ...

Question 1: A series circuit has three resistors of resistances 4Ω, 6Ω, and 8Ω connected to a 24V power supply. Calculate the total resistance and the current flowing through the circuit. (Use Ohm's Law: V = IR)

Answer: Total resistance R_total = 4Ω + 6Ω + 8Ω = 18Ω; Current I = V / R = 24V / 18Ω ≈ 1.33A

Question 2: In a parallel circuit with two resistors of 12Ω and 6Ω connected across a 12V supply, find the total resistance and the current through each resistor.

Answer: 1/R_total = 1/12 + 1/6 = 1/12 + 2/12 = 3/12; R_total = 4Ω; Current through 12Ω resistor = 12V / 12Ω = 1A; through 6Ω resistor = 12V / 6Ω = 2A

Question 1: Describe an experiment to verify that the current is the same at all points in a series circuit. Include the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: Set up a series circuit with a power supply, resistors, and an ammeter connected at different points. Variables include resistor values and supply voltage. Ensure connections are secure, avoid short circuits, and do not exceed component voltage/current ratings.

Question 2: Identify two safety precautions when working with circuits involving resistors and electricity.

Answer: Always switch off power before adjusting circuits; use appropriate resistors to prevent overheating and protect against high currents.

Question 1: A household electrical device has a resistance of 50Ω and operates on a 230V supply. Calculate the current drawn by the device. Discuss how this relates to the rules for current in series and parallel circuits.

Answer: Current I = V / R = 230V / 50Ω = 4.6A. This demonstrates Ohm's law and how resistance affects current draw, applicable in household wiring where devices are connected in parallel.

Question 2: Explain how understanding V/I/R rules is essential in designing safe and efficient electrical systems in industry or everyday life.

Answer: Knowledge of V/I/R rules allows engineers to select appropriate components, prevent overheating, and ensure consistent voltage and current levels. It helps in fault diagnosis, energy efficiency, and safety standards in electrical installations and devices.