Question 1: Define gravity and explain its significance in the Solar System.

Answer: Gravity is the force of attraction between two masses. In the Solar System, it keeps planets orbiting the Sun and governs the motion of celestial bodies.

Question 2: List three factors that affect the magnitude of gravitational force between two objects.

Answer: Mass of the objects, distance between the objects, and the gravitational constant.

Question 3: What is the formula for calculating the gravitational force between two objects? Include units.

Answer: F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2, where F is the force in Newtons (N), G is the gravitational constant (6.674×10^-11 N·(m/kg)^2), m1 and m2 are masses in kilograms (kg), and r is distance in meters (m).

Question 4: Calculate the gravitational force between the Earth (mass = 5.97×10^24 kg) and the Moon (mass = 7.35×10^22 kg) if the average distance between them is 384,400 km. Show all steps.

Answer: F = G * (m1 * m2) / r^2 = 6.674×10^-11 * (5.97×10^24 * 7.35×10^22) / (384,400,000)^2 ≈ 1.98×10^20 N

Question 5: Describe a practical experiment to demonstrate the effect of mass on gravitational force. List the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: Students can use two objects of different masses and measure the force required to lift or move them under the influence of gravity using a force sensor or spring scale. Variables include mass of objects (independent variable), force measured (dependent variable), and distance from the ground. Safety precautions involve ensuring objects are secure to prevent falling injuries and using proper handling techniques.

Question 6: In a scenario where two spaceships are 10,000 km apart, each with a mass of 1,000 kg, what is the gravitational force between them? (Use G = 6.674×10^-11 N·(m/kg)^2).

Answer: F = 6.674×10^-11 * (1000 * 1000) / (10,000,000)^2 ≈ 6.674×10^-15 N

Question 7: Multiple Choice: Which of the following increases the gravitational force between two objects?

Answer: Decreasing the distance between the objects

Question 8: Fill in the blank: The gravitational constant, G, has a value of approximately ______ in SI units.

Answer: 6.674×10^-11

Question 9: Explain how gravity affects satellite orbits around Earth.

Answer: Gravity provides the centripetal force necessary for satellites to stay in orbit around Earth. The balance between gravitational pull and the satellite's tangential velocity determines the orbit's shape and stability.

Question 10: Describe how understanding gravity is important in space exploration and satellite technology.

Answer: Understanding gravity allows scientists to calculate orbits, plan spacecraft trajectories, and ensure satellite stability. It is essential for safe landing, communication, navigation, and avoiding collisions in space missions.