Question 1: Define what an orbit is in the context of planetary motion.

Answer: An orbit is the curved path followed by a celestial body around a star or planet, due to gravitational attraction.

Question 2: Explain the role of gravity in maintaining an object in orbit around a planet or star.

Answer: Gravity provides the centripetal force that keeps the object moving in a curved path, preventing it from flying away.

Question 1: Calculate the orbital speed of Earth around the Sun, given that the average distance (radius) is approximately 1.496 × 10^11 meters and the orbital period is 365.25 days. (Use the formula v = 2πr / T)

Answer: Approximately 29,780 meters per second

Question 2: Using Kepler's third law, if a planet orbits a star at a distance of 2 × 10^11 meters and takes 4 years to complete one orbit, what is the mass of the star? (Use the formula T^2 = (4π^2 r^3) / GM, rearranged to M = (4π^2 r^3) / (G T^2)) where G = 6.674 × 10^-11 Nm^2/kg^2).

Answer: Approximately 1.2 × 10^30 kg

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment that could demonstrate the effect of gravitational force on an object in orbit, including the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: A possible experiment involves rolling small balls on a curved surface to simulate planetary orbits, varying the mass and speed of the balls. Variables include mass, velocity, and radius. Safety precautions include ensuring the surface is stable and free of obstacles to prevent injuries.

Question 1: A satellite orbits Earth at an altitude where its orbital period is 90 minutes. If the Earth's radius is approximately 6,371 km, what is the approximate orbital radius of the satellite? (Hint: use T = 2πr / v and consider the orbital speed for a stable orbit).

Answer: Approximately 26,600 km from Earth's center

Question 1: Explain how understanding orbital mechanics is essential for the placement and operation of communication satellites.

Answer: Understanding orbital mechanics allows engineers to position satellites at optimal altitudes and inclinations to ensure coverage, stability, and minimal fuel consumption for adjustments.

Question 2: What technological advancements have been made possible by precise calculations of orbits?

Answer: Advancements include GPS technology, weather forecasting satellites, and space exploration missions, all relying on accurate orbital calculations.