Question 1: Define an orbit in the context of planetary motion.

Answer: An orbit is the curved path that a celestial body follows around another body due to gravitational attraction.

Question 2: Explain the difference between a circular and an elliptical orbit.

Answer: A circular orbit has a constant radius with the celestial body moving at a uniform distance, while an elliptical orbit has varying distances from the focus point, creating a stretched oval shape.

Question 3: What role does gravity play in maintaining an orbit?

Answer: Gravity provides the centripetal force that keeps a celestial body in its curved path around another body, preventing it from flying away.

Question 1: Calculate the orbital speed of a satellite orbiting Earth at an altitude of 300 km above the surface. Use the formula v = √(GM / r), where G = 6.674×10^-11 N·m²/kg², M = 5.972×10^24 kg, and r = Earth's radius (6371 km) + altitude (300 km).

Answer: Approximately 7.73 km/s

Question 2: Determine the orbital period of a satellite that completes one orbit every 90 minutes. Express your answer in hours.

Answer: 1.5 hours

Question 1: Describe a simple experiment to demonstrate how gravitational force affects the orbital speed of an object. Include the variables involved and safety precautions.

Answer: An experiment could involve rolling different weights down inclined planes or on a circular track to measure how mass or distance affects speed, while controlling variables such as track length and initial velocity. Safety precautions include wearing protective gear and ensuring the track is secure to prevent accidents.

Question 2: Identify the independent and dependent variables when studying the effect of satellite altitude on orbital speed.

Answer: Independent variable: Satellite altitude; Dependent variable: Orbital speed.

Question 1: A satellite at an altitude of 500 km has an orbital speed of approximately 7.6 km/s. If the altitude increases to 1000 km, predict whether the orbital speed will increase, decrease, or stay the same. Justify your answer.

Answer: The orbital speed will decrease because increasing altitude increases the radius, which results in a lower orbital velocity according to the formula v = √(GM / r).

Question 1: Explain how understanding orbital mechanics is essential for the functioning of GPS satellites.

Answer: GPS satellites must maintain precise orbits to ensure accurate positioning data. Understanding orbital mechanics helps in planning satellite launches, maintaining stable orbits, and correcting deviations caused by gravitational influences and atmospheric drag.

Question 2: Describe one technological advancement that has improved our ability to calculate and predict satellite orbits more accurately.

Answer: The development of GPS technology and sophisticated computer algorithms, including iterative orbit determination software, has significantly enhanced the accuracy of satellite orbit predictions.