Question 1: Define the term 'informed consent' in the context of psychological research.

Answer: Informed consent means that participants are fully aware of the nature of the study, what it involves, and any potential risks before agreeing to take part.

Question 2: Why is it important for psychologists to protect participants from physical or psychological harm?

Answer: To ensure participants' well-being and safety, and to prevent any lasting damage or distress caused by the research.

Question 3: Describe what is meant by 'confidentiality' in psychological studies.

Answer: Confidentiality means that personal information gathered from participants is kept private and not shared without their permission.

Question 4: Identify one way researchers can ensure participants understand what they are consenting to before taking part in a study.

Answer: Researchers can provide a clear, simple information sheet and explain the study verbally, giving participants the opportunity to ask questions.

Question 5: Explain the concept of 'debriefing' after a psychological experiment.

Answer: Debriefing involves explaining the purpose of the study, revealing any deception used, and addressing any concerns or questions participants may have.

Question 6: A researcher wants to study how people react to stress. They plan to induce stress by asking participants to perform difficult tasks. What ethical guideline might this potentially violate and why?

Answer: This could violate the guideline of protecting participants from psychological harm, as inducing stress may cause emotional distress.

Question 7: Draw a simple diagram that shows the steps a researcher should follow to ethically conduct a psychological study, including at least three steps.

Answer: A correct diagram would illustrate a sequence starting with 'Obtain Informed Consent,' then 'Conduct the Study Safely,' followed by 'Debrief Participants.'

Question 8: Describe one example of how a researcher can ensure confidentiality when collecting data.

Answer: The researcher can anonymize data by removing names and using codes instead of personal details.

Question 9: Why is it important for psychologists to debrief participants after a study that involved deception?

Answer: To clarify the true purpose of the study, remove any misconceptions, and ensure participants leave without feeling distressed or deceived.

Question 10: Identify and explain one ethical issue that could arise if a researcher does not obtain consent from participants.

Answer: Using participants without consent violates their autonomy and right to choose whether to participate, which is unethical and can harm trust.