Question 1: Why is it important for psychologists to obtain informed consent from participants before starting a study?

Answer: It ensures participants are aware of what the research involves and agree to take part voluntarily, respecting their rights and autonomy.

Question 2: Identify one way psychologists can ensure the confidentiality of participants' data during a study.

Answer: By anonymising data so that participants cannot be identified from the information collected.

Question 3: Describe a scenario where psychological harm might occur during a study and explain how researchers should prevent it.

Answer: If a participant is asked to recall a distressing memory, they might feel upset. Researchers should monitor participants closely, stop the study if distress occurs, and provide support afterwards.

Question 4: Explain why deception is sometimes used in psychological research and discuss one ethical concern associated with it.

Answer: Deception is used to prevent participants from altering their behaviour. However, it can cause feelings of betrayal or mistrust if discovered, which raises ethical concerns about honesty and respect.

Question 5: What is the purpose of debriefing after a psychological experiment?

Answer: To explain the true purpose of the study, address any questions, and ensure participants leave without distress or misconceptions.

Question 6: Draw a simple flowchart showing the steps a psychologist should follow to ensure ethical standards are met before, during, and after a study.

Answer: A correct sketch would include steps such as: 1. Obtain ethical approval, 2. Obtain informed consent, 3. Conduct the study, 4. Debrief participants, 5. Ensure confidentiality and data protection.

Question 7: Identify two ethical principles from the British Psychological Society's code of conduct and briefly explain each.

Answer: Respect for persons: treating participants with dignity and autonomy. Non-maleficence: avoiding causing harm to participants.

Question 8: A researcher plans to study a vulnerable group, such as children. What special ethical considerations should they take into account?

Answer: They must obtain consent from guardians, ensure the study poses minimal risk, and be extra cautious about participants' well-being and understanding.

Question 9: Discuss why it is necessary for psychologists to keep participants' data secure and how they can do this.

Answer: To protect participants' privacy and prevent misuse of data. They can do this by storing data securely, encrypting digital files, and limiting access.

Question 10: Explain the concept of voluntary participation and why it is an essential ethical guideline.

Answer: Voluntary participation means participants choose to take part without pressure. It is essential to respect individual autonomy and prevent coercion.