Question 1: Define the term 'objectivity' in the context of psychological research.

Answer: Objectivity in psychological research means collecting and analyzing data without personal feelings, biases, or opinions influencing the results.

Question 2: Explain why reliability is important in psychological experiments.

Answer: Reliability ensures that the results of an experiment are consistent and can be replicated over time, increasing confidence in the findings.

Question 3: Describe a scenario where a psychologist might ensure their research is valid.

Answer: A psychologist tests a new memory test by comparing results with established tests to ensure it accurately measures memory, demonstrating validity.

Question 4: Identify two methods a researcher can use to increase the reliability of their study.

Answer: Standardizing procedures and using consistent measurement tools across participants.

Question 5: Explain the difference between internal validity and external validity.

Answer: Internal validity refers to whether the study shows a true cause-and-effect relationship within the experiment, while external validity concerns whether the findings can be generalized to real-world settings.

Question 6: Describe a situation where a researcher might face challenges in maintaining objectivity.

Answer: A researcher might unconsciously favor a hypothesis and interpret ambiguous data in a way that supports their expectations, thus introducing bias.

Question 7: Draw a simple flow diagram illustrating the basic steps of conducting a psychological experiment. Use arrows to connect the steps.

Answer: The diagram should include the steps: formulate hypothesis → design experiment → collect data → analyze data → draw conclusions.

Question 8: Sketch a graph that shows hypothetical data comparing two groups' test scores. Label the axes clearly.

Answer: A graph with the x-axis representing the two groups and the y-axis representing test scores, with bars or points indicating the scores for each group, demonstrating a comparison.

Question 9: Identify two features of science that are demonstrated by well-conducted psychological research.

Answer: Empiricism (based on observation and evidence) and replicability (ability to repeat studies with similar results).

Question 10: Explain how psychologists can reduce bias during data collection.

Answer: Using standardized procedures, double-blind designs, and objective measurement tools can help reduce researcher bias.