Question 1: Define what is meant by 'naturalistic observation' in psychological research.

Answer: Naturalistic observation involves studying behaviour in its natural environment without interference from the researcher.

Question 2: Describe one advantage of using covert observation over overt observation.

Answer: Covert observation allows researchers to observe behaviour without participants knowing, which can reduce the risk of participants changing their behaviour (demand characteristics).

Question 3: Identify and explain one potential ethical issue that can arise from covert observation.

Answer: A potential ethical issue is the lack of informed consent, as participants are unaware they are being observed, which can breach their right to privacy.

Question 4: Imagine you are observing students in a classroom to see how often they raise their hands. Describe how you would record your observations in a systematic way.

Answer: I would use a tally chart or a checklist to record each time a student raises their hand, noting the time and student if possible, to ensure consistent data collection.

Question 5: Explain the difference between participant observation and non-participant observation.

Answer: Participant observation involves the researcher actively taking part in the activity being observed, while non-participant observation involves the researcher observing without involvement.

Question 6: Draw a simple observation plan for studying how children play in a park. Include key elements such as what you will observe, where, and how you will record data.

Answer: A clear sketch should include: a designated area in the park, specific behaviours to observe (e.g., sharing, fighting), a method of recording data (e.g., checklist, tally chart), and noting the time frame of observation.

Question 7: What is meant by 'inter-observer reliability' in observational research?

Answer: Inter-observer reliability refers to the degree to which different observers record and interpret behaviours consistently.

Question 8: Identify one limitation of observational techniques in studying human behaviour.

Answer: A limitation is that observations can be affected by observer bias, where personal opinions influence what the observer records.

Question 9: Suggest two ways researchers can improve the accuracy of their observations.

Answer: Researchers can improve accuracy by training observers thoroughly and using multiple observers to check for consistency.

Question 10: Imagine you are conducting a covert observation in a busy shopping mall to see how often people help strangers. Write a brief plan on how you will conduct this observation ethically.

Answer: Ensure the observation is anonymous, avoid collecting personal information, observe discreetly without interfering, and debrief afterwards if possible. The goal is to minimize invasion of privacy while collecting useful data.