Question 1: Define what is meant by a 'sample' in psychological research.

Answer: A sample is a group of people selected from a larger population to participate in a research study.

Question 2: Describe what is meant by random sampling.

Answer: Random sampling is a method where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 3: Explain one advantage of using random sampling in research.

Answer: It reduces bias and makes the sample more representative of the population.

Question 4: Describe what is meant by opportunity sampling.

Answer: Opportunity sampling involves selecting participants who are readily available and willing to take part.

Question 5: Identify a potential problem with using opportunity sampling.

Answer: It may lead to biased results because the sample may not represent the whole population.

Question 6: Compare random sampling and opportunity sampling in terms of fairness and representativeness.

Answer: Random sampling is fair and more likely to be representative because everyone has an equal chance of being chosen. Opportunity sampling is less fair and less representative because it depends on who is available.

Question 7: Sketch a simple diagram showing the process of stratified sampling. Label the key parts.

Answer: A large circle representing the population divided into smaller sections (strata) labeled by characteristics (e.g., age groups). Arrows from each section lead to a smaller sample drawn proportionally from each stratum.

Question 8: Explain why researchers might choose stratified sampling over simple random sampling.

Answer: Because stratified sampling ensures specific subgroups are proportionally represented, making the sample more accurate for certain studies.

Question 9: Imagine you are conducting a study on teenagers' opinions about a new school rule. Describe a sampling method you could use and explain why.

Answer: I could use stratified sampling by dividing students into age groups or year groups and then randomly selecting students from each group. This ensures all age groups are represented fairly.

Question 10: Draw a diagram illustrating cluster sampling. Label the key parts of your diagram.

Answer: A large rectangle representing the entire population divided into smaller clusters (e.g., different classrooms or schools). Some clusters are shaded to show they are selected, with lines indicating the chosen clusters and the participants within.