Question 1: Define the term 'classical conditioning' as used in the behaviourist approach.

Answer: Classical conditioning is a learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus that naturally produces a response, leading to the neutral stimulus eliciting the response on its own.

Question 2: Describe how Pavlov’s experiment with dogs demonstrates classical conditioning.

Answer: Pavlov presented a neutral sound (like a bell) before giving food to dogs. After repeated pairings, the dogs started salivating at the sound alone, showing they had learned to associate the sound with food.

Question 3: Explain what is meant by 'operant conditioning' in the behaviourist approach.

Answer: Operant conditioning is a learning process where behaviours are strengthened or weakened by consequences such as rewards or punishments.

Question 4: Give an example of positive reinforcement in everyday life.

Answer: Giving a child praise or a treat when they do their homework to encourage them to do it again.

Question 5: Give an example of negative reinforcement in everyday life.

Answer: Wearing a seatbelt to stop the car alarm from ringing.

Question 6: Describe what is meant by 'punishment' in behaviourist terms and give an example.

Answer: Punishment is a consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour happening again. For example, a child losing TV privileges after misbehaving.

Question 7: Explain the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Answer: Classical conditioning involves learning through association between stimuli, while operant conditioning involves learning through consequences like rewards or punishments influencing behaviour.

Question 8: Sketch a simple diagram showing how classical conditioning occurs, including the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, neutral stimulus, and conditioned stimulus.

Answer: A diagram with four parts: (1) Unconditioned Stimulus (e.g., food) leading to Unconditioned Response (salivation); (2) Neutral Stimulus (e.g., bell) present alongside Unconditioned Stimulus; (3) After repeated pairing, Neutral Stimulus becomes Conditioned Stimulus; (4) Conditioned Stimulus alone causes Conditioned Response (salivation).

Question 9: Describe a real-life scenario where operant conditioning might be used to change behaviour.

Answer: A teacher uses praise (positive reinforcement) to encourage students to participate in class discussions.

Question 10: Discuss one strength and one limitation of the behaviourist approach.

Answer: Strength: It emphasizes observable behaviour, making research objective. Limitation: It ignores mental processes like thoughts and feelings, which also influence behaviour.