Question 1: Describe the main function of the central nervous system. Use specific examples in your answer.

Answer: The central nervous system (CNS), comprising the brain and spinal cord, controls and coordinates all bodily activities. It processes sensory information received from the body and makes decisions, such as sending signals to muscles to move.

Question 2: Explain the role of the peripheral nervous system in the body. How does it differ from the central nervous system?

Answer: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body, including muscles and organs. It transmits sensory information to the CNS and carries out motor commands. Unlike the CNS, which processes information, the PNS mainly acts as a communication network.

Question 3: Identify and describe the two main divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Provide an example of a response each division might control.

Answer: The two main divisions are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, such as increasing heart rate during danger. The parasympathetic nervous system promotes 'rest and digest' functions, such as slowing the heart rate after a stressful event.

Question 4: Sketch a simplified diagram of the human nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, and major nerves. Label each part clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show the brain at the top, the spinal cord running down the middle, and major nerves extending from the spinal cord to the limbs and torso. Labels should include 'brain', 'spinal cord', and 'nerves'.

Question 5: Describe how neurons transmit information within the nervous system. Include the roles of dendrites, axons, and synapses.

Answer: Neurons transmit information via electrical impulses. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons. The impulse travels along the axon to the synapse, where neurotransmitters are released to pass the signal to the next neuron.

Question 6: Explain the difference between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron in terms of their function and the direction of information flow.

Answer: Sensory neurons carry information from sensory receptors to the brain or spinal cord, while motor neurons carry commands from the CNS to muscles to produce movement.

Question 7: Identify the part of the brain responsible for controlling voluntary movements and describe its importance.

Answer: The motor cortex, located in the frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements. It sends signals to muscles to initiate movement, making it essential for actions like walking and writing.

Question 8: Describe a scenario where the autonomic nervous system is involved in a physical response to stress.

Answer: When a person sees a threat, the sympathetic nervous system activates, causing increased heart rate, rapid breathing, and pupils dilating to prepare the body for a quick response.

Question 9: Discuss the role of the spinal cord in reflex actions. Provide an example of a reflex that involves the spinal cord.

Answer: The spinal cord processes reflex actions without involving the brain, allowing for quick responses. An example is the knee-jerk reflex, where tapping the knee causes an immediate leg kick.

Question 10: Explain how damage to the brain’s cerebellum might affect a person’s movements.

Answer: Damage to the cerebellum can cause problems with coordination and balance, leading to unsteady movements or difficulty performing precise actions.