Question 1: Write a simple pseudo-code using an if statement that checks if a number stored in variable 'score' is greater than 50. If it is, display 'Pass'.

Answer: IF score > 50 THEN DISPLAY 'Pass' END IF

Question 2: Describe a scenario where a 'while' loop could be used in a program. Write a brief pseudo-code example that counts from 1 to 10 using a while loop.

Answer: Scenario: A program counts the number of attempts a user makes. Pseudo-code: count = 1 WHILE count <= 10 DISPLAY count count = count + 1 END WHILE

Question 3: Complete the truth table for an AND logic gate with two inputs A and B. Fill in the output column based on the inputs.

Answer: Inputs A | B | Output ---------|---|-------- 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1

Question 4: Draw a logic circuit diagram for an OR gate with two inputs. Label the inputs and output clearly. Use standard logic gate symbols.

Answer: A correct sketch would show two input lines entering the OR gate symbol (curved shape), with one output line emerging from it, labeled as the output.

Question 5: Explain the difference between 'if' and 'elif' (or 'else if') statements in programming. Provide a short pseudo-code example demonstrating their use.

Answer: 'if' checks a condition; 'elif' provides an additional condition if the previous 'if' was false. Pseudo-code: IF temperature > 30 THEN DISPLAY 'Hot' ELSE IF temperature > 20 THEN DISPLAY 'Warm' ELSE DISPLAY 'Cold' END IF

Question 6: Describe a situation where a 'for' loop would be appropriate in a program. Write pseudo-code that prints all numbers from 1 to 5 using a 'for' loop.

Answer: Situation: Displaying numbers in a list. Pseudo-code: FOR i FROM 1 TO 5 DISPLAY i END FOR

Question 7: Complete the truth table for a NAND gate with two inputs A and B. Fill in the output column.

Answer: Inputs A | B | Output ---------|---|-------- 0 | 0 | 1 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 0

Question 8: Draw a flowchart that represents a program which asks the user for their age and then displays whether they are an adult (18 or over) or a minor (under 18). Use standard flowchart symbols and label each step.

Answer: A correct flowchart would start with an 'Input' symbol for age, a 'Decision' diamond asking 'Is age >= 18?', with 'Yes' leading to 'Display: You are an adult' and 'No' leading to 'Display: You are a minor'.

Question 9: Write pseudo-code for a program that uses a 'do-while' loop to keep asking a user to enter a password until they enter the correct one ('letmein').

Answer: DO PROMPT 'Enter password:' READ password WHILE password != 'letmein' DISPLAY 'Incorrect, try again.' END DO

Question 10: Explain how short-circuit evaluation works in logical expressions involving AND and OR operators. Provide an example where evaluation stops early.

Answer: Short-circuit evaluation means that in a logical AND, if the first operand is false, the second is not evaluated because the result is already false. In an OR, if the first operand is true, the second is not evaluated because the result is true. Example: In 'A AND B', if A is false, B is not checked.

Question 11: Sketch a truth table for a XOR (exclusive OR) gate with two inputs. Label the inputs and output clearly.

Answer: A correct truth table would show: Inputs A | B | Output ---------|---|-------- 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 0