Question 1: Convert the decimal number 45 into an 8-bit binary number.

Answer: 00101101

Question 2: Convert the 8-bit binary number 11001010 into its decimal equivalent.

Answer: 202

Question 3: Explain why binary is used in digital electronics instead of decimal.

Answer: Binary is used because digital circuits operate using two states (on and off), which are easily represented by 0s and 1s, making the design and implementation of electronic devices simpler and more reliable.

Question 4: Describe what an AND gate does when given two binary inputs.

Answer: An AND gate outputs 1 only when both of its inputs are 1; otherwise, it outputs 0.

Question 5: Complete the following truth table for an OR gate:

Answer: Inputs A, B; Output Q 0, 0; 0 0, 1; 1 1, 0; 1 1, 1; 1

Question 6: Draw a logic circuit diagram for a NAND gate using AND and NOT gates. Label all parts clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show an AND gate with two inputs, followed by a NOT gate connected to its output. The output of the NOT gate is the NAND gate's output. All gates and connections are clearly labeled.

Question 7: Sketch a truth table for a XOR (exclusive OR) gate with two inputs.

Answer: Inputs A, B; Output Q 0, 0; 0 0, 1; 1 1, 0; 1 1, 1; 0

Question 8: A circuit has two switches connected to an AND gate. Describe what happens to the output if both switches are turned on.

Answer: If both switches are turned on (closed), the AND gate receives two 1s and outputs 1, meaning the circuit is active or 'on'.

Question 9: Explain the difference between a NOT gate and an AND gate.

Answer: A NOT gate inverts its input; if the input is 1, the output is 0, and vice versa. An AND gate outputs 1 only when both inputs are 1; otherwise, it outputs 0.

Question 10: Convert the binary number 101101 to hexadecimal.

Answer: 0x2D

Question 11: Draw a simple schematic of a circuit containing a switch, a light bulb, and a power source in series. Indicate all components clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a power source (battery), a switch, and a light bulb connected in a single loop. The switch should be shown as an open or closed switch, with all components connected in series.