Question 1: Name the seven layers of the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model in order from the lowest layer to the highest layer.

Answer: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application

Question 2: Describe the main function of the Transport layer in a computer network.

Answer: The Transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication, error checking, and data flow control between devices.

Question 3: Explain how data is encapsulated as it moves down the layers of the OSI model.

Answer: At each layer, data is wrapped in a protocol data unit (PDU) with added headers (and sometimes footers). As data moves down from the Application to the Physical layer, each layer adds its own header information. When transmitted, the data is sent as a series of bits over the physical medium.

Question 4: Identify which layer is responsible for addressing data packets and routing them across networks.

Answer: Network layer

Question 5: Draw a simple diagram showing the relationship between the three main types of network devices: router, switch, and hub. Label each device and briefly describe its primary function.

Answer: A sketch showing three devices: a router connected to different networks, a switch connected to multiple devices within a network, and a hub connecting multiple devices in a local network. The router directs data between networks, the switch manages data flow within a network, and the hub simply broadcasts data to all connected devices.

Question 6: Complete the truth table for the AND logic gate with inputs A and B, and output C.

Answer: A | B | C 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1

Question 7: Complete the truth table for the OR logic gate with inputs A and B, and output C.

Answer: A | B | C 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1

Question 8: Draw the logic circuit for an AND gate. Label the inputs and output clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a D-shaped symbol with two inputs entering from the left side, an AND label inside, and one output on the right side. Inputs are labeled A and B, and the output is labeled C.

Question 9: Explain why protocols such as TCP and IP are important in networking.

Answer: Protocols like TCP and IP are important because they standardize communication, ensure data is transmitted accurately, and enable devices from different manufacturers to communicate effectively across networks.

Question 10: Describe the difference between packet switching and circuit switching in network communications.

Answer: Packet switching divides data into packets sent independently over the network, allowing multiple users to share the same connection efficiently. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two devices for the duration of the transmission, which can be less efficient but provides a constant connection.