Question 1: Define a list data structure and explain its main advantage in programming.

Answer: A list is an ordered collection of items that can contain duplicates. Its main advantage is that it allows easy addition, removal, and access of elements based on their position.

Question 2: Describe how a queue operates and give a real-world example of its use.

Answer: A queue operates on a First-In-First-Out (FIFO) basis, where elements are added at the rear and removed from the front. An example is a line of people waiting at a checkout.

Question 3: Explain the difference between an array and a linked list.

Answer: An array has a fixed size and stores elements in contiguous memory locations, allowing quick access by index. A linked list consists of nodes linked together, allowing dynamic size but slower access to elements.

Question 4: Complete the following truth table for an AND gate: | A | B | Output | |---|---|---------| | 0 | 0 | ? | | 0 | 1 | ? | | 1 | 0 | ? | | 1 | 1 | ? |

Answer: 0, 0, 0, 1

Question 5: Complete the truth table for an OR gate: | A | B | Output | |---|---|---------| | 0 | 0 | ? | | 0 | 1 | ? | | 1 | 0 | ? | | 1 | 1 | ? |

Answer: 0, 1, 1, 1

Question 6: Draw the logic circuit for an AND gate. Label each part clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a standard AND gate symbol with two input lines labeled A and B entering the gate, and one output line labeled 'Output'.

Question 7: Draw the logic circuit for an OR gate. Label each part clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a standard OR gate symbol with two input lines labeled A and B entering the gate, and one output line labeled 'Output'.

Question 8: In programming, how could a stack data structure be used to reverse a string?

Answer: A stack operates on a Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) basis. To reverse a string, each character is pushed onto the stack, then popped off to retrieve characters in reverse order.

Question 9: Describe a scenario where a dictionary (or map) data structure would be useful.

Answer: A dictionary is useful for storing key-value pairs, such as a contact list where names are keys and phone numbers are values, allowing quick lookup of contact details.

Question 10: Sketch a flowchart illustrating the process of checking if a number is even or odd.

Answer: A correct flowchart would start with an input step, then a decision diamond asking 'Is number mod 2 equal to 0?' leading to 'Number is even' or 'Number is odd' outputs.