Question 1: Define the term 'phishing' and explain how it can pose a threat to individuals and organizations.

Answer: Phishing is a cyber attack where attackers send deceptive emails or messages that appear legitimate to trick individuals into revealing personal information, such as passwords or bank details. It can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and security breaches for organizations.

Question 2: Describe two common methods used by hackers to gain unauthorized access to a computer system.

Answer: One method is brute-force attacks, where hackers systematically try many passwords until they find the correct one. Another method is exploiting software vulnerabilities through malware or security flaws in the system.

Question 3: Explain the purpose of a firewall in network security.

Answer: A firewall acts as a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, monitoring and controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic based on security rules to prevent unauthorized access.

Question 4: Complete the following truth table for the logic gate AND:

Answer: Inputs A and B | Output A | B | Output 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1

Question 5: Draw a logic circuit that represents an OR gate using basic logic gate symbols.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a standard OR gate symbol with two input lines entering the gate and one output line leaving it. The symbol should have a curved shape on the input side and a point on the output side.

Question 6: Identify and describe two types of malware commonly used in cyber attacks.

Answer: Viruses are malicious software that attach themselves to files and spread when the infected files are opened. Ransomware encrypts a victim's files and demands payment in exchange for the decryption key.

Question 7: Explain how encryption helps protect data transmitted over a network.

Answer: Encryption converts data into an unreadable format using algorithms and keys, ensuring that only authorized parties with the correct key can decrypt and access the original information, thus protecting it from eavesdroppers.

Question 8: Sketch a simple network diagram showing two computers connected to a router and accessing the internet.

Answer: A correct sketch would depict two computers connected via lines to a central device labeled as a router, with the router connected to an external cloud or box representing the internet. Clearly label each component.

Question 9: What are two advantages of using wireless networks over wired networks?

Answer: Wireless networks provide greater mobility, allowing devices to connect without physical cables. They are easier to set up and expand, making it more flexible to add new devices.

Question 10: Describe what a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is and its potential impact on a website.

Answer: A DDoS attack involves overwhelming a website or server with excessive traffic from multiple sources, making it unavailable to legitimate users. It can cause downtime and loss of revenue or reputation.

Question 11: Identify one method organizations use to prevent cyber threats and briefly explain how it works.

Answer: Organizations often use antivirus software, which scans and detects malicious programs on a computer, preventing infections and reducing the risk of cyber attacks.