Question 1: Convert the decimal number 45 into its 8-bit binary equivalent.

Answer: 00101101

Question 2: Explain why binary is used in computers instead of the decimal system. Your answer should include at least two reasons.

Answer: Binary is used because it simplifies circuit design with two states (on/off), making it reliable and easier to implement with electronic components. It also reduces errors and allows for efficient data processing.

Question 3: Complete the truth table for the AND logic gate with inputs A and B, and output C. Fill in the missing values.

Answer: A B C 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1

Question 4: Draw a logic circuit diagram for an OR gate using basic logic gate symbols. Label all parts clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would include the OR gate symbol with two input lines entering it, and one output line leaving it. Label the gate as 'OR'.

Question 5: Describe how a NOT gate works and give an example of its truth table with input A and output B.

Answer: A NOT gate inverts the input signal; if input A is 0, output B is 1, and vice versa. Truth table: A B 0 1 1 0

Question 6: Convert the binary number 11010110 into decimal.

Answer: 214

Question 7: Sketch a flowchart to convert a binary number to decimal. You should include steps for reading the binary, processing, and outputting the result.

Answer: A correct sketch would include: start, read binary number, initialize decimal value to 0, process each binary digit by multiplying current decimal by 2 and adding the digit, continue until all digits are processed, then output the decimal value, and end.

Question 8: Complete the truth table for a XOR gate with inputs A and B, and output C.

Answer: A B C 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

Question 9: Explain what happens during binary addition when adding 1 + 1. Include the sum and carry in your explanation.

Answer: Adding 1 + 1 results in a sum of 0 and a carry of 1, because in binary 1 + 1 equals 10. The sum is the least significant bit, and the carry moves to the next higher bit.

Question 10: Draw a truth table for a NAND gate with inputs A and B, and output C. Label all columns clearly.

Answer: A B C 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

Question 11: Describe the process of converting an 8-bit binary number into hexadecimal. Include steps in your answer.

Answer: Group the 8 bits into two groups of four bits each, starting from the right. Convert each group of four bits into its hexadecimal equivalent. Write the two hexadecimal digits together to form the full hexadecimal number.