Question 1: Write a simple if statement in pseudocode that checks if a variable 'score' is greater than or equal to 50. If true, it should output 'Pass'.

Answer: if score >= 50 then output 'Pass' end if

Question 2: Describe a real-world scenario where a 'while' loop might be used in programming. Explain why a loop is appropriate here.

Answer: A vending machine keeps accepting coins until the total reaches the price of an item. A 'while' loop is used to keep accepting coins as long as the total inserted is less than the item price.

Question 3: Complete the truth table for an AND logic gate with inputs A and B, and output C.

Answer: A | B | C ---|---|--- 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1

Question 4: Draw a logic circuit diagram for an OR gate using basic logic gate symbols. Label the inputs as A and B, and the output as C.

Answer: A correct sketch would show two input lines labeled A and B entering an OR gate symbol, with an output line labeled C. The OR gate symbol looks like a curved shape with a pointed tip, and the inputs enter on the left side.

Question 5: Explain the difference between an 'if' statement and a 'switch' statement in programming. When might you choose one over the other?

Answer: An 'if' statement evaluates conditions sequentially and can handle complex conditions. A 'switch' statement checks a variable against multiple specific values, making it more suitable for choosing among many discrete options. Use 'if' for complex conditions and 'switch' for multiple specific values.

Question 6: Given the input values A = 1 and B = 0, what is the output of an XOR gate? Justify your answer.

Answer: The output is 1 because XOR outputs true (1) when exactly one input is true (1).

Question 7: Sketch a flowchart that represents a program which asks the user for their age and then prints 'Adult' if they are 18 or over, or 'Minor' if they are under 18.

Answer: A flowchart should include a start symbol, an input box for age, a decision diamond checking if age >= 18, then two process/output boxes: one for 'Print Adult' if true, and another for 'Print Minor' if false, ending with an end symbol.

Question 8: Design a simple pseudocode program that counts from 1 to 10 and displays each number.

Answer: for i from 1 to 10 display i end for

Question 9: Describe a situation where a 'do-while' loop would be more appropriate than a 'while' loop.

Answer: A situation where at least one execution is needed before checking a condition, such as asking a user if they want to continue after performing an action, and repeating this at least once regardless of initial condition.

Question 10: Complete the truth table for a NAND gate with inputs A and B, and output C.

Answer: A | B | C ---|---|--- 0 | 0 | 1 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 0