Question 1: Define an array in programming and give an example of when you might use one.

Answer: An array is a collection of elements stored in contiguous memory locations, all of the same data type. Example: storing the scores of all students in a class.

Question 2: Describe the difference between a list and an array in programming.

Answer: A list is a collection that can change in size and may contain different data types, whereas an array has a fixed size and contains elements of the same data type.

Question 3: Explain what a queue data structure is and provide a real-life example.

Answer: A queue is a collection where elements are added at one end and removed from the other, following First-In-First-Out (FIFO). Example: customers waiting in line at a supermarket.

Question 4: Complete the following truth table for an AND gate:

Answer: Input A | Input B | Output 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1

Question 5: Complete the following truth table for an OR gate:

Answer: Input A | Input B | Output 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1

Question 6: Draw the logic circuit for an AND gate using basic logic symbols. Label each part clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show two input lines entering an AND gate symbol (a D-shaped symbol), with one output line leaving the gate.

Question 7: Sketch a simple flowchart that shows the process: 'Check if a number is greater than 10. If yes, print 'Large'; if no, print 'Small'.'

Answer: A correct sketch would include: a start point, a decision box asking 'Is number > 10?', two arrows labeled 'Yes' and 'No' leading to respective print statements, and an end point.

Question 8: Explain how a binary search algorithm works and when it is most efficient.

Answer: Binary search works by repeatedly dividing a sorted list in half to find a target value. It is most efficient when searching in large, sorted datasets because it reduces the number of comparisons.

Question 9: Describe a scenario where a stack data structure would be useful.

Answer: A stack is useful when undoing actions in a text editor, as it allows the most recent action to be reversed first (Last-In-First-Out).

Question 10: What is the main difference between a set and a list in programming?

Answer: A set is a collection of unique elements with no specific order, while a list can contain duplicate elements and maintains order.

Question 11: Draw a truth table for a NOT gate. Label inputs and outputs clearly.

Answer: A correct table has one input column ('A'), with values 0 and 1, and an output column ('NOT A') where 0 becomes 1 and 1 becomes 0.