Question 1: Convert the decimal number 45 into an 8-bit binary number.

Answer: 00101101

Question 2: Convert the binary number 110101 to decimal.

Answer: 53

Question 3: Explain why binary is used as the main number system in computers.

Answer: Binary is used because it is simple for computers to process, as it only has two states (0 and 1), which correspond to off/on signals in digital circuits.

Question 4: Describe how data such as the letter 'A' is stored in binary using ASCII encoding.

Answer: In ASCII, the letter 'A' is represented by the 7-bit binary number 1000001, which is commonly stored as an 8-bit byte with an added leading zero: 01000001.

Question 5: Complete the truth table for a NOT gate (input and output).

Answer: Input: 0, Output: 1; Input: 1, Output: 0.

Question 6: Draw a logic circuit for an AND gate with two inputs and one output. Label all parts clearly.

Answer: A correct sketch would show a symbol with two input lines entering the AND gate shape and one output line leaving it, with labels for each input and output.

Question 7: Draw a truth table for an OR gate with two inputs.

Answer: A correct truth table should have four rows: inputs A and B, and the output, showing 0 OR 0 = 0, 0 OR 1 = 1, 1 OR 0 = 1, 1 OR 1 = 1.

Question 8: Describe the process of converting the binary number 1011 to decimal.

Answer: Starting from the right, each digit is multiplied by 2 raised to its position index (starting at 0). So, 1×2^3 + 0×2^2 + 1×2^1 + 1×2^0 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 11.

Question 9: Sketch a simple diagram showing how data might be stored in a 16-bit binary register.

Answer: A sketch should depict a rectangular register divided into 16 sections, each labeled as a bit (0 or 1). The diagram should clearly show the sequence of bits stored within the register.

Question 10: Explain the difference between binary and hexadecimal number systems in terms of their use in computing.

Answer: Binary uses only two symbols (0 and 1) and is directly processed by computers. Hexadecimal uses sixteen symbols (0-9 and A-F) and is a more compact way to represent binary data for humans, making it easier to read and write large binary numbers.