Question 1: Modernization Theory: A model suggesting that countries progress through similar stages of development, often emphasizing the adoption of Western technological and cultural practices. Example: South Korea's post-1960s economic growth.

Answer: A theory proposing countries develop by following linear stages, emphasizing technological and cultural change

Question 2: Dependency Theory: A perspective that suggests less-developed countries are dependent on developed nations, which hinders their growth. Example: Exporting raw materials to core countries.

Answer: A theory stating developing countries are dependent on developed countries, limiting their growth

Question 3: World-Systems Theory: A macro-sociological perspective dividing the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery regions, highlighting global economic inequalities. Example: The role of China as a semi-periphery in global trade.

Answer: A theory dividing the world into core, periphery, and semi-periphery, explaining global economic disparities

Question 4: Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods and services produced within a country over a period, used as an indicator of economic development.

Answer: The total value of goods and services produced domestically, used to measure economic growth

Question 5: Human Development Index (HDI): An indicator combining life expectancy, education, and income levels to assess a country's social and economic development.

Answer: An index measuring social and economic development based on health, education, and income

Question 1: Which development theory emphasizes the importance of adopting Western technology and cultural practices to achieve economic growth?

Answer: Modernization Theory

Question 2: Name the theory that explains global economic inequalities by categorizing regions into core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

Answer: World-Systems Theory

Question 3: Identify one key criticism of Dependency Theory.

Answer: It underestimates the potential for developing countries to break free from dependence

Question 4: What does HDI stand for and what are its main components?

Answer: Human Development Index; components: life expectancy, education, income

Question 1: Based on the case study of Indonesia, analyze how dependency on exports of raw materials has affected its economic development.

Answer: Indonesia's reliance on exporting raw commodities like palm oil and coal has limited processed industrial growth, exposed the economy to volatile global prices, and hindered sustainable development. This dependency aligns with dependency theory, showing how core countries benefit while periphery nations like Indonesia face developmental challenges.

Question 2: Evaluate the impact of China's emergence as a semi-periphery in Asia on neighboring countries' development strategies.

Answer: China's role as a semi-periphery has attracted investment and fostered regional trade, boosting some economies. However, it has also increased competition and dependency for neighboring countries, leading to unequal development and reliance on Chinese markets and infrastructure projects. This dual impact illustrates the complex effects of global economic shifts on regional development.

Question 3: Discuss how Indonesia's geographic location influences its development trajectory within the global economy.

Answer: Indonesia's strategic location along vital trade routes and its abundant natural resources provide economic opportunities. However, its archipelagic nature presents logistical challenges, affecting infrastructure development and connectivity, which can hinder rapid industrial growth and integration into the global economy.

Question 1: Explain why global economic inequalities persist despite rapid development in some Asian countries like South Korea and Singapore.

Answer: Persistent global inequalities are due to structural factors such as historical colonialism, unequal access to technology, and global trade imbalances. While countries like South Korea and Singapore have benefited from modernization and strategic policies, many regions remain dependent on raw exports and face infrastructural and political challenges, maintaining disparities.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of economic dependence in Sub-Saharan Africa based on the case of Nigeria.

Answer: Nigeria's dependence on oil exports exemplifies resource dependence, leading to economic volatility due to fluctuating global oil prices. Limited diversification, infrastructural deficiencies, and foreign reliance on extractive industries hinder sustainable growth, confirming dependency theory explanations of structural dependence.

Question 3: Explain the role of colonial history in shaping development disparities between African and Asian countries.

Answer: Colonial history influenced development by establishing resource extraction economies in Africa with limited infrastructure, while some Asian countries like South Korea benefited from colonial investments that promoted industrialization. Post-independence, differing political and economic trajectories have resulted in persistent disparities.

Question 1: To what extent are dependency reduction strategies effective in promoting sustainable development in Least Developed Countries (LDCs)?

Answer: Dependency reduction strategies, such as diversification of exports, industrialization, and regional cooperation, can foster sustainable development by decreasing reliance on volatile commodity markets and foreign aid. However, their success depends on political stability, infrastructure, and access to technology. While some countries like Rwanda have made progress, many LDCs face challenges that limit effectiveness, making dependency reduction a complex and long-term goal.

Question 2: Evaluate the success of China's Belt and Road Initiative in shaping regional development in Southeast Asia.

Answer: The Belt and Road Initiative has improved infrastructure, increased trade, and attracted investment in Southeast Asia, contributing to economic growth. However, concerns over debt dependency, environmental impacts, and unequal benefits raise questions about its long-term sustainability. Its success varies across countries, with some benefiting more than others, indicating a mixed evaluation.