Question 1: Define 'Push Factors' in the context of migration.

Answer: Factors that motivate individuals to leave their current location, such as war, lack of employment, or environmental disaster.

Question 2: What does 'Pull Factors' refer to in migration theories?

Answer: Factors that attract migrants to a new location, such as better job opportunities, education, or safety.

Question 3: Explain 'Ravenstein's Laws' of migration.

Answer: A set of principles proposed by Ernest Ravenstein stating that most migrants move short distances, urban areas attract more migrants, and migration is often stepwise.

Question 4: Describe the 'Gravity Model' of migration.

Answer: A model suggesting that migration between two locations is directly proportional to their population sizes and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

Question 5: Provide an example of a 'refugee' migration case.

Answer: The mass movement of Syrians fleeing conflict to Turkey, Lebanon, and Europe since 2011.

Question 6: What is meant by 'rural-urban migration'?

Answer: The movement of people from countryside areas to cities, often driven by employment opportunities and urban services.

Question 1: Which migration theory emphasizes the influence of population size and distance between locations?

Answer: Gravity Model

Question 2: Name two common push factors that lead to international migration.

Answer: War and lack of employment opportunities.

Question 3: Identify one limitation of Ravenstein's Laws of migration.

Answer: They oversimplify migration patterns and may not account for modern factors like globalization or technology.

Question 4: Explain the difference between voluntary and forced migration.

Answer: Voluntary migration occurs by choice, driven by economic or social factors, while forced migration is compelled by conflict, persecution, or environmental disasters.

Question 1: Based on the case of Syrian refugees fleeing the civil war since 2011, identify two push factors and two pull factors influencing their migration.

Answer: Push factors include conflict, violence, and lack of basic services; pull factors include safety, better living conditions, and access to Europe or neighboring countries.

Question 2: Using the Gravity Model, explain why Turkey and Germany are major destinations for Syrian migrants.

Answer: Turkey and Germany have large populations and are relatively accessible geographically, making them high attraction points according to the Gravity Model.

Question 3: Discuss the impact of migration from Syria on host countries’ social and economic systems.

Answer: Migration has led to increased diversity, challenges in integration, strain on public services, but also economic benefits such as filling labor shortages and cultural enrichment.

Question 1: Analyze the main causes of rural to urban migration in India.

Answer: Economic opportunities, better healthcare and education, and infrastructural development in cities drive rural to urban migration in India.

Question 2: Explain why migration patterns are changing in the age of globalization.

Answer: Globalization facilitates easier communication, transportation, and international opportunities, leading to more diverse and complex migration flows.

Question 1: To what extent do migration theories like Ravenstein’s Laws remain applicable in today’s globalized world? Evaluate with examples.

Answer: While Ravenstein’s Laws provide foundational insights into migration patterns such as distance decay and urban attraction, modern factors like technology, globalization, and policy changes have transformed migration dynamics. For example, international migration now often involves complex networks and legal frameworks that Ravenstein's original principles may not fully encompass, but they still offer valuable baseline understanding.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of government strategies aimed at managing rural-urban migration in India.

Answer: Strategies such as urban planning, development of satellite towns, and improving rural infrastructure aim to reduce pressure on cities. While these measures have had some success, challenges like rapid urbanization, informal settlements, and resource strain persist, indicating that strategies need continuous adaptation and comprehensive planning for long-term effectiveness.