Question 1: Define 'birth rate' and provide an example from Nigeria, where the birth rate is approximately 37 per 1,000 people.

Answer: Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year. Example: Nigeria's high birth rate contributes to its rapid population growth.

Question 2: What is 'net migration' and how does it influence population size?

Answer: Net migration is the difference between the number of people entering and leaving a country. Positive net migration increases population, negative decreases it.

Question 3: Explain 'demographic transition' and identify which stage Japan is currently in.

Answer: Demographic transition describes the shift from high birth and death rates to low rates as a country develops. Japan is in Stage 5, with declining population due to low birth rates.

Question 4: Identify 'population pyramid' and describe its typical shape for an aging population like Japan.

Answer: A population pyramid visually represents age and sex distribution. An aging population like Japan's has a top-heavy pyramid with a broad top and narrow base.

Question 5: Define 'replacement level fertility' and specify the global average.

Answer: Replacement level fertility is the number of children per woman needed to maintain population size, approximately 2.1 globally.

Question 1: Which country experienced a population decline of approximately 0.5% annually between 2010 and 2020?

Answer: Japan

Question 2: Name the process by which rural populations migrate to urban areas in search of employment.

Answer: Rural-urban migration

Question 3: What are the main factors leading to high fertility rates in Nigeria?

Answer: Factors include cultural norms favoring large families, limited access to contraception, and high infant mortality rates prompting higher birth rates.

Question 4: Identify the stage of the demographic transition model Nigeria is currently in and justify your answer.

Answer: Nigeria is in Stage 2, with high birth rates and declining death rates, leading to rapid population growth.

Question 1: Using Nigeria as a case study, analyze the social and economic impacts of its high fertility rate and rapid population growth.

Answer: Nigeria's high fertility rate results in a youthful population, which can strain education, healthcare, and employment sectors. Rapid growth may lead to urban overcrowding, increased poverty, and challenges in infrastructure development. Conversely, a large workforce offers potential economic benefits if managed effectively.

Question 2: Evaluate the effects of Japan's aging population on its healthcare and pension systems.

Answer: Japan's aging population increases demand for healthcare services and strains pension systems, leading to higher government expenditure. It also results in a shrinking workforce, impacting economic growth and productivity. Policies like increasing retirement age and encouraging immigration are being considered to mitigate these effects.

Question 1: Explain why rural-to-urban migration is more prominent in developing countries like Nigeria compared to developed countries like Japan.

Answer: In developing countries, rural areas lack access to services and employment, prompting migration to cities. In contrast, developed countries have better rural infrastructure and opportunities, making urban migration less prominent. Economic disparities and population pressures drive this pattern.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of population decline in Japan and discuss its implications for future urban planning.

Answer: Japan's population decline stems from low fertility rates, high living costs, and cultural shifts delaying childbirth. This leads to shrinking urban populations, labor shortages, and increased demand for elderly care facilities. Future urban planning must address aging infrastructure and promote policies to boost birth rates and immigration.

Question 1: To what extent have government policies in Japan successfully addressed the challenges of an aging population?

Answer: Japanese policies such as increasing the retirement age, promoting robotics and automation, and encouraging immigration have partially mitigated labor shortages and healthcare pressures. However, challenges remain due to cultural resistance and demographic trends. Overall, these strategies have had mixed success, with ongoing debates about sustainability.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of family planning programs in Nigeria in reducing fertility rates.

Answer: Family planning programs in Nigeria have contributed to a gradual decline in fertility rates by increasing awareness and access to contraception. Nonetheless, cultural barriers, religious beliefs, and limited healthcare infrastructure hinder their full potential. Therefore, while effective to some extent, further efforts are needed for substantial impact.