Question 1: Define 'natural increase' and provide an example.

Answer: Natural increase is the difference between birth rates and death rates in a population; for example, Nigeria has a high natural increase due to high birth rates.

Question 2: What is 'migration' in a geographical context? Give an example.

Answer: Migration is the movement of people from one place to another; for instance, rural to urban migration in India.

Question 3: Explain 'ageing population' with an example.

Answer: An ageing population occurs when a large proportion of the population is elderly; Japan is a prime example with a high median age.

Question 4: Define 'population decline' and mention one country experiencing it.

Answer: Population decline is a decrease in the total number of people; for example, Bulgaria faces population decline due to low birth rates and emigration.

Question 5: What is 'replacement level fertility'? Provide a typical global rate.

Answer: Replacement level fertility is the number of children per woman needed to maintain a stable population; globally, it is about 2.1 children per woman.

Question 1: Which country currently has the highest natural increase rate?

Answer: Nigeria

Question 2: Name the demographic phenomenon characterized by a high proportion of elderly people in a population.

Answer: Ageing population

Question 3: Identify two common causes of population decline in developed countries.

Answer: Low birth rates and emigration.

Question 4: What is the primary driver of rapid population growth in Nigeria?

Answer: High fertility rates

Question 5: Explain the term 'dependency ratio' and its relevance to population change.

Answer: The dependency ratio is the ratio of non-working-age population to working-age population; it affects economic growth and social services, especially in ageing or youthful populations.

Question 1: Based on the case of Japan, analyze the social impacts of an ageing population.

Answer: Japan's ageing population leads to increased healthcare and pension costs, a shrinking workforce, and potential economic stagnation. Socially, it results in increased demand for elderly care services and potential changes in family structures.

Question 2: Using Nigeria as a case study, evaluate the challenges and opportunities presented by rapid population growth.

Answer: Nigeria faces challenges like strained infrastructure, unemployment, and pressure on healthcare and education systems. However, its youthful population offers opportunities for economic growth if investments in education and employment are made.

Question 3: Describe the migration patterns contributing to population change in rural India.

Answer: Rural-urban migration driven by seeking employment, education, and better healthcare facilities contributes to urban population growth and rural depopulation.

Question 4: Analyze how government policies in Germany aim to counteract population decline.

Answer: Germany's policies include encouraging immigration, providing family incentives, and supporting integration programs to boost birth rates and offset natural population decline.

Question 1: Explain why high fertility rates are prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Answer: High fertility rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are driven by cultural norms favoring large families, limited access to family planning, high child mortality, and lower levels of female education.

Question 2: Analyse the economic and social impacts of rural-to-urban migration in Nigeria.

Answer: Rural-to-urban migration leads to urban growth, increased demand for housing and services, and strain on infrastructure. Economically, it can boost urban productivity, but socially, it may cause overcrowding and social inequality.

Question 3: Explain the demographic transition model's relevance to understanding population change in developed countries.

Answer: The demographic transition model shows how countries move from high birth and death rates to low rates, explaining population stability or decline in developed nations like Germany and Japan.

Question 1: To what extent are government policies effective in managing population decline in countries like Japan and Germany?

Answer: Government policies such as encouraging immigration, providing family incentives, and supporting elderly care are partially effective. They help mitigate demographic challenges but face cultural and economic barriers. Overall, while these strategies slow decline, complete reversal remains challenging.

Question 2: Evaluate the potential social and economic consequences of Nigeria's high population growth over the next 20 years.

Answer: If unchecked, Nigeria's rapid growth may strain resources, increase unemployment, and hinder development. Conversely, with effective policies in health, education, and employment, the youth bulge could foster economic growth and innovation.