Question 1: Urbanisation: The process by which cities grow in size and population. Example: The rapid expansion of Lagos in Nigeria.

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Question 2: Traffic congestion: Overcrowding of vehicles leading to slow movement and delays. Example: Peak hours in New York City.

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Question 3: Air pollution: Contamination of air due to emissions from vehicles and industries. Example: Smog in Delhi.

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Question 4: Overcrowding: Excess population in limited urban space leading to strain on infrastructure. Example: Favelas in Rio de Janeiro.

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Question 5: Slum settlements: Informal housing areas with inadequate services. Example: Dharavi in Mumbai.

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Question 1: What is the primary cause of traffic congestion in major cities like London and Mumbai?

Answer: High vehicle numbers combined with limited road infrastructure and inadequate public transportation systems lead to traffic congestion.

Question 2: Name two environmental impacts of urban air pollution.

Answer: Health problems such as respiratory diseases and acid rain.

Question 3: Identify three factors contributing to housing shortages in Lagos.

Answer: Rapid population growth, limited urban planning, and high land prices.

Question 4: What are favelas, and where are they commonly found?

Answer: Favelas are informal settlements characterized by inadequate housing, commonly found in Rio de Janeiro.

Question 1: Based on the case study of Mumbai, identify two major impacts of rapid urban growth on infrastructure.

Answer: Overburdened transportation systems leading to severe traffic congestion; strain on water supply and sanitation services causing health risks.

Question 2: Describe the social issues arising from housing shortages in Mumbai.

Answer: Increased homelessness, proliferation of slums like Dharavi, and social inequality.

Question 3: Analyze how environmental pollution has been exacerbated by urban growth in Mumbai.

Answer: Increased vehicle emissions due to traffic congestion and industrial activity, along with improper waste disposal leading to water and air pollution.

Question 1: Explain the causes of air pollution in megacities such as Delhi and Mexico City.

Answer: Major causes include high vehicle emissions due to dense traffic, industrial emissions from factories, use of fossil fuels for energy, and inadequate regulation of pollutants. Urban topography and weather conditions can also trap pollutants, worsening air quality.

Question 2: Analyse the reasons for the growth of informal settlements like favelas and slums in developing cities.

Answer: Factors include rapid rural-urban migration driven by economic opportunities, lack of affordable formal housing, inadequate urban planning, and poverty. These settlements often develop informally as people seek immediate shelter despite poor living conditions.

Question 1: To what extent have urban regeneration projects in cities like London successfully addressed issues of social inequality and urban decay? Support your answer with examples.

Answer: Urban regeneration in London, such as the Thames Gateway project, has improved infrastructure and created new housing. However, challenges remain, including gentrification displacing low-income residents and unequal access to services. Overall, regeneration has had mixed success, providing economic benefits but not fully resolving social inequality.