Question 1: Define 'longshore drift' and provide an example of how it affects coastline shape.

Answer: Longshore drift is the process by which sediment is transported along the coast by wave action, often causing beach accretion or erosion; for example, it contributes to the formation of spits at Holderness Coast.

Question 2: What is a 'wave-cut platform' and how is it formed?

Answer: A wave-cut platform is a flat, rocky surface at the base of a cliff, formed by wave erosion during storms that undercuts the cliff, leading to its retreat.

Question 3: Name three types of coastal landforms created by erosion.

Answer: Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, and caves.

Question 4: Explain the difference between hydraulic action and abrasion in coastal erosion.

Answer: Hydraulic action involves the force of water compressing air in cracks to break rocks, while abrasion occurs when waves carry sediments that erode the coastline through scraping and grinding.

Question 1: Based on the case study of the Holderness Coast, identify two primary causes of its rapid erosion.

Answer: The primary causes are the presence of soft boulder clay which is highly erodible, and the dominance of strong prevailing waves from the North Sea that facilitate erosion.

Question 2: Describe how human activities, such as the construction of groynes, have impacted the erosion rates along the Holderness Coast.

Answer: Groynes have been used to trap sediment and reduce erosion locally, but they have also caused increased erosion downstream by interrupting natural sediment transport, leading to accelerated loss of land in unprotected areas.

Question 3: Evaluate the effectiveness of managed retreat as a strategy for sustainable coastal management at Holderness.

Answer: Managed retreat involves allowing certain areas to erode naturally while relocating infrastructure inland. It is cost-effective and environmentally sustainable, reducing the need for expensive hard engineering. However, it can be unpopular locally due to loss of land and property. Overall, it offers a long-term solution to erosion in areas like Holderness, balancing environmental and social concerns.

Question 1: Analyse the causes of the formation of a spit at Spurn Head on the Holderness Coast.

Answer: The formation of the spit at Spurn Head is caused by dominant longshore drift transporting sediments southward. The presence of a sheltered bay reduces wave energy, allowing sediments to accumulate and form the elongated landform. The shape is reinforced by the prevailing wind direction and wave action from the North Sea.

Question 2: Explain why the coastline along the East Yorkshire coast is particularly vulnerable to erosion.

Answer: The East Yorkshire coast is vulnerable due to the presence of soft boulder clay, exposure to prevailing North Sea waves, and the lack of significant natural or artificial barriers, making it highly susceptible to erosion and land loss.

Question 1: To what extent are hard engineering solutions effective in managing coastal erosion at the Holderness Coast?

Answer: Hard engineering solutions such as sea walls and groynes can provide immediate protection and reduce erosion locally; however, they are costly, can cause increased erosion downstream, and often have limited long-term effectiveness due to ongoing natural processes. Their success depends on appropriate planning and maintenance, but they may not be sustainable in the face of rising sea levels and climate change. Therefore, while effective in the short term, they are not always the best long-term solution, highlighting the importance of integrated coastal zone management.