Question 1: Define 'Jet Stream' and explain its role in weather patterns.

Answer: A high-altitude air current flowing from west to east that influences weather systems and the movement of storm systems.

Question 2: What is 'Coriolis Effect' and how does it affect wind direction?

Answer: The deflection of moving air due to Earth's rotation, causing wind to turn right in the Northern Hemisphere and left in the Southern Hemisphere.

Question 3: Describe 'Intertropical Convergence Zone' (ITCZ).

Answer: A low-pressure zone near the equator where trade winds from both hemispheres meet, leading to high rainfall and thunderstorms.

Question 4: Explain what a 'Cyclone' is and differentiate between tropical and extratropical cyclones.

Answer: A rotating storm system with low-pressure center; tropical cyclones form over warm oceans with intense heat energy, while extratropical cyclones occur outside the tropics and derive energy from temperature contrasts.

Question 5: Define 'Monsoon' and identify one major region affected by it.

Answer: A seasonal wind pattern bringing heavy rainfall, notably affecting South Asia, including India.

Question 1: Which atmospheric circulation feature primarily drives the formation of the Indian Monsoon?

Answer: The seasonal reversal of the Indian Ocean High and Low-pressure systems

Question 2: Name the ocean basin where Atlantic hurricanes predominantly form.

Answer: The North Atlantic Ocean

Question 3: Identify the main wind pattern responsible for the development of the Northeast Trade Winds.

Answer: The Hadley Cell circulation in the tropics

Question 4: What is the primary energy source for tropical cyclones?

Answer: Warm ocean water

Question 5: Describe the typical atmospheric conditions that lead to the formation of a tornado.

Answer: Strong vertical wind shear, intense thunderstorms, and significant temperature contrasts within the storm environment.

Question 1: Analyze how the Indian Monsoon contributed to the formation and intensity of Cyclone Fani.

Answer: The monsoon's low-pressure trough and moist air mass provided the necessary energy and atmospheric conditions for Cyclone Fani to develop into a severe storm, illustrating the link between monsoon dynamics and cyclone intensity.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of India's early warning systems and evacuation procedures during Cyclone Fani.

Answer: India's advanced meteorological forecasts and timely evacuations in Odisha greatly reduced fatalities and damage, demonstrating successful disaster preparedness; however, logistical challenges and resource limitations still posed risks, indicating room for improvement.

Question 1: Explain why the jet stream influences winter weather patterns in the United Kingdom.

Answer: The jet stream guides the movement of Atlantic depressions and cold air masses, leading to stormy and unsettled weather during winter months in the UK.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of seasonal shifts in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ).

Answer: The ITCZ shifts north and south with the solar declination, driven by changes in solar insolation, Earth's axial tilt, and the resulting temperature contrasts between hemispheres, affecting rainfall patterns in tropical regions.

Question 3: Explain how temperature differences between the equator and poles influence the formation of the polar jet stream.

Answer: Greater temperature contrasts intensify the polar jet stream, creating stronger and more variable wind currents that influence weather systems in the mid-latitudes.

Question 1: To what extent have climate change adaptation strategies reduced the vulnerability of Bangladesh to tropical cyclones?

Answer: Climate change adaptation strategies such as cyclone shelters, improved forecasting, mangrove restoration, and community awareness have significantly reduced casualties and damage. However, challenges remain due to rising sea levels, increased cyclone intensity, and resource limitations, which continue to threaten vulnerable populations. A balanced assessment recognizes the progress made while acknowledging the need for ongoing efforts to enhance resilience.