Question 1: Define 'sampling' in the context of geographical fieldwork.

Answer: Sampling is the process of selecting a representative subset of data or locations for study to infer broader patterns.

Question 2: What does 'qualitative data' refer to in human geography?

Answer: Qualitative data involves non-numerical information such as opinions, observations, and descriptions.

Question 3: Explain 'systematic sampling' with an example.

Answer: Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth item or location in a list or sequence, e.g., surveying every 5th street in a city block.

Question 4: Name two methods of primary data collection used in human fieldwork.

Answer: Surveys and interviews.

Question 5: What is 'spatial data' in human geography?

Answer: Spatial data refers to information related to the geographic location or distribution of features or phenomena.

Question 1: Which city in the UK is known for its congestion problems that are often studied through fieldwork?

Answer: London

Question 2: Name one method used to collect data on traffic flow during urban fieldwork.

Answer: Counting vehicles at specific times and locations.

Question 3: What is the main purpose of using questionnaires in human geographical fieldwork?

Answer: To gather people's opinions, perceptions, and demographic information about a place or issue.

Question 4: Identify two advantages of using questionnaires over interviews.

Answer: They can be distributed to many people quickly and are easier to analyze statistically.

Question 5: Name a primary data collection technique used in rural human geography studies.

Answer: Field observations or surveys of land use.

Question 1: A team is investigating the impact of a new shopping mall on local traffic in Swindon. They plan to use questionnaires to gather residents' opinions and count vehicles at peak times. What fieldwork techniques are they employing, and what are the key considerations for ensuring reliable data?

Answer: They are using survey questionnaires and traffic counting. Key considerations include selecting representative samples, ensuring consistent counting methods, and recording data at comparable times to ensure accuracy and reliability.

Question 2: Based on the case study, identify two potential challenges of conducting fieldwork in this scenario and suggest solutions.

Answer: Challenges include obtaining sufficient participant responses and traffic variability. Solutions include providing incentives for survey participation and conducting counts over multiple days or times.

Question 3: Explain how the data collected from this case study could inform urban planning decisions in Swindon.

Answer: The data can reveal traffic congestion hotspots and resident concerns, guiding decisions on traffic management, parking, or public transport improvements.

Question 1: Explain why urban areas like Swindon experience traffic congestion.

Answer: Urban areas experience congestion due to high numbers of vehicles, limited road capacity, population growth, and increased economic activity, which put pressure on transport infrastructure.

Question 2: Analyze the causes of rural depopulation in parts of the Cotswolds.

Answer: Causes include limited employment opportunities, younger populations moving to cities for work, reduced services, and the appeal of urban lifestyles, leading to decline in rural populations.

Question 3: Explain how transport infrastructure can influence patterns of human settlement in London.

Answer: Good transport infrastructure like the underground and rail networks facilitates commuting, encouraging urban expansion and shaping settlement patterns by making peripheral areas accessible.

Question 1: To what extent are questionnaires effective for collecting data on public opinion about urban development in London? Evaluate their advantages and limitations.

Answer: Questionnaires are effective because they can reach a large audience quickly and provide quantitative data that is easy to analyze. However, they may suffer from low response rates, bias in responses, and limited depth of information. Their effectiveness depends on careful design and sampling to ensure representativeness.

Question 2: Evaluate the success of using traffic counts to manage urban congestion in cities like London.

Answer: Traffic counts provide valuable real-time data that helps in understanding congestion patterns and evaluating the effectiveness of traffic management strategies. However, they are limited to specific times and locations, and may not capture broader issues like long-term urban growth or modal shifts. Combining traffic counts with other data sources improves their utility for urban planning.