Question 1: What is 'sampling' in the context of geographical fieldwork?

Answer: Sampling is the process of selecting a representative subset of a population for study to make inferences about the whole.

Question 2: Define 'qualitative data' and provide an example relevant to human geography.

Answer: Qualitative data describes qualities or characteristics, such as people's opinions or perceptions gathered through interviews.

Question 3: What is a 'questionnaire' used for in fieldwork?

Answer: A questionnaire is a set of prepared questions used to collect data from respondents systematically.

Question 4: Name one advantage and one disadvantage of using interviews in fieldwork.

Answer: Advantage: Provides detailed responses; Disadvantage: Time-consuming and may introduce interviewer bias.

Question 5: Explain 'systematic sampling' with an example.

Answer: Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth individual from a list; for example, surveying every 10th person in a street survey.

Question 1: Which city is known for its extensive social surveys on urban poverty?

Answer: London

Question 2: What is the main purpose of using questionnaires in human geography fieldwork?

Answer: To systematically collect data on people's opinions, behaviors, or perceptions.

Question 3: Name a human geographical feature commonly studied using interviews.

Answer: Community attitudes towards urban regeneration projects.

Question 4: Identify two reasons why sampling is important in fieldwork.

Answer: To obtain a representative dataset and to save time and resources.

Question 5: What type of data do surveys primarily collect?

Answer: Quantitative and qualitative data.

Question 1: In a social survey conducted in Manchester, researchers gathered data on employment levels through questionnaires. What are two advantages of using questionnaires in this scenario?

Answer: They can reach a large number of respondents quickly and provide quantitative data that can be statistically analyzed.

Question 2: Based on the case study, suggest one potential bias that might affect survey results in London and how it could be mitigated.

Answer: Response bias due to respondents giving socially desirable answers; this can be mitigated by ensuring anonymity and confidentiality.

Question 3: How might the cultural diversity of Manchester influence the design of surveys or interviews in human geography research?

Answer: Researchers need to consider language barriers and cultural sensitivities to ensure questions are understood and respectful.

Question 4: Explain how the data collected from surveys in London could be used to influence urban policy.

Answer: Data on residents' needs and opinions can inform decisions on resource allocation, transportation planning, and social services.

Question 1: Explain why systematic sampling is often preferred in urban social surveys.

Answer: Because it provides a unbiased, representative sample of the population, reducing selection bias.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of social inequality in urban areas like London and Manchester.

Answer: Causes include unequal access to education and employment, housing affordability, and historical segregation. These factors are reinforced by economic disparities and policy decisions, leading to concentrated poverty or affluence in specific neighborhoods.

Question 3: Describe how fieldwork techniques can help identify patterns of urban deprivation.

Answer: Fieldwork methods such as surveys, observations, and interviews can reveal areas with high unemployment, poor housing, and limited access to services, allowing geographers to map and analyze deprivation hotspots.

Question 1: To what extent are questionnaires effective in capturing the social realities of diverse urban populations like London?

Answer: Questionnaires can be effective in collecting large-scale quantitative data, but may miss nuanced social realities, especially if language barriers or literacy levels vary. Combining questionnaires with interviews can improve accuracy. Overall, their effectiveness depends on careful design and cultural sensitivity.

Question 2: Evaluate the strengths and limitations of using interviews for understanding community attitudes in Manchester.

Answer: Interviews provide in-depth insights into community attitudes, enabling clarification and detailed responses. However, they can be time-consuming, potentially biased by interviewer influence, and limited in scope compared to surveys. Balancing interviews with other methods can enhance reliability.