Question 1: Urbanisation: The process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population lives in towns and cities.

Answer: The growth of cities and increased population concentration in urban areas.

Question 2: Rural-urban migration: The movement of people from the countryside to cities in search of better employment and living conditions.

Answer: Migration of people from rural areas to urban areas for opportunities.

Question 3: Suburbanisation: The process of population movement from the city centre to suburban areas.

Answer: People moving from urban centres to suburbs.

Question 4: Slums: Informal settlements with inadequate housing and services, often found on the outskirts of rapidly expanding cities.

Answer: Poor, overcrowded settlements with inadequate infrastructure.

Question 5: Example: Name a major city experiencing rapid urban growth in Africa.

Answer: Lagos

Question 1: What factors have contributed to the rapid urban growth in London over the past 50 years?

Answer: Factors include rural-urban migration, economic opportunities, improved transportation, and housing development.

Question 2: Name three challenges faced by rapidly growing cities like Lagos.

Answer: Overcrowding, inadequate infrastructure, pollution, and housing shortages.

Question 3: What is meant by 'urban sprawl'?

Answer: The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding countryside.

Question 4: Explain the term 'suburbanisation' and give an example city where this is evident.

Answer: Suburbanisation is the movement of people from city centres to suburbs; an example is Birmingham.

Question 5: Identify two reasons why people migrate from rural to urban areas in developing countries.

Answer: Seeking employment opportunities and better access to education and healthcare.

Question 1: Based on the case study of Lagos, identify two positive impacts of urban growth in the city.

Answer: Economic development and increased employment opportunities.

Question 2: Describe two problems caused by rapid urban expansion in Lagos.

Answer: Traffic congestion and inadequate housing leading to slums.

Question 3: Explain how Lagos' population growth affects its infrastructure.

Answer: Rapid population increase strains transport, sanitation, and healthcare systems, leading to overcrowding and resource shortages.

Question 4: Suggest one strategy Lagos could implement to manage urban growth sustainably.

Answer: Developing affordable housing projects and improving public transportation.

Question 1: Explain why rural-urban migration contributes to urban growth in cities like London.

Answer: Rural-urban migration occurs as people seek better employment, education, and healthcare, leading to increased urban population and expansion.

Question 2: Analyse the environmental impacts of rapid urban expansion in Lagos.

Answer: Environmental impacts include increased pollution, destruction of green spaces, strain on water resources, and waste management issues, which contribute to urban environmental degradation.

Question 3: Explain the social challenges faced by expanding urban areas in Nigeria.

Answer: Challenges include overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, slum formation, crime, and unequal access to services, which can lead to social inequality.

Question 1: To what extent are urban planning strategies effective in managing the problems of rapid city expansion in Lagos? Consider both successes and limitations.

Answer: Urban planning strategies such as the development of new housing estates and improved transportation have helped reduce congestion and slums. However, limitations include inadequate implementation, corruption, and rapid population growth outpacing planning efforts, leading to ongoing challenges. A balanced evaluation recognizes that while strategies have made progress, further comprehensive policies are needed for sustainable urban growth.

Question 2: Evaluate the impact of international aid and government policies on urban development in Nigeria.

Answer: International aid and government policies have contributed to infrastructure improvements, slum upgrading, and access to services in Nigerian cities. Programs like slum clearance and housing projects have had positive social impacts. However, challenges such as corruption, limited funding, and rapid urbanization often hinder long-term success. Effective urban development requires coordinated efforts, sustainable planning, and community involvement to ensure lasting benefits.