Question 1: What is 'push factor' in the context of migration?

Answer: A negative condition that motivates people to leave a place, such as unemployment or natural disasters.

Question 2: Define 'pull factor' with an example.

Answer: A positive condition that attracts people to a new area, such as job opportunities or better living conditions (e.g., California's job market).

Question 3: Name the major urban centers in the US that attract internal migrants.

Answer: New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Miami.

Question 4: What is 'rural to urban migration'?

Answer: The movement of people from countryside areas to cities.

Question 5: Describe one example of international migration into the US.

Answer: Migration of people from Mexico seeking employment or better living conditions.

Question 1: Which US state has experienced the highest net in-migration in recent years?

Answer: California

Question 2: Name two push factors that contribute to rural-to-urban migration in the US.

Answer: Lack of employment opportunities and limited access to services.

Question 3: Identify one region in the US where internal migration is decreasing.

Answer: The Rust Belt states, such as Michigan and Ohio.

Question 4: What is the main reason for the recent increase in migration to Texas?

Answer: Economic growth, affordable housing, and job availability.

Question 5: Name one state that has seen a significant population decline due to migration.

Answer: Illinois.

Question 1: A recent report shows that between 2010 and 2020, California lost population to neighboring states like Nevada and Arizona due to high living costs. Using this information, explain the possible push and pull factors involved.

Answer: Push factors include high housing costs, crowded urban areas, and high taxes. Pull factors include affordable housing in Nevada and Arizona, employment opportunities, and lower cost of living, which attract residents away from California.

Question 2: Analyze how internal migration from California to Texas might impact urban infrastructure in Texas.

Answer: An influx of migrants could lead to increased demand for housing, transportation, healthcare, and education services, potentially resulting in urban congestion, strain on resources, and the need for expanded infrastructure.

Question 3: Discuss the social and economic effects of migration from rural areas to cities like Chicago.

Answer: Social effects include increased diversity, urban growth, and potential challenges like overcrowding. Economic effects may involve higher demand for jobs and services, economic revitalization for cities, but also increased inequality if resources are stretched.

Question 1: Explain why economic factors are significant drivers of migration within the US.

Answer: Economic factors such as employment opportunities, income levels, and cost of living heavily influence migration decisions. People move to areas with better job prospects or lower living costs, which can lead to regional economic disparities and urban growth.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of suburbanization in American cities in recent decades.

Answer: Causes include the desire for larger homes, perceived better quality of life, improvements in transportation allowing easier commutes, and policies encouraging suburban development. These factors contribute to population dispersal from city centers to suburbs.

Question 3: Explain the impact of migration on urban infrastructure and services in cities like Los Angeles.

Answer: Migration increases demand for housing, transportation, healthcare, and education, which can strain existing infrastructure. This often leads to urban sprawl, traffic congestion, and pressure on public services, necessitating urban planning and investment.

Question 1: To what extent have US policies aimed at regional development reduced migration disparities between states?

Answer: US policies such as federal grants for rural development and incentives for business investment aim to balance regional growth. While these strategies have mitigated some disparities, economic attractors like job availability and infrastructure improvements continue to drive migration towards certain regions, especially urban centers. Overall, policies have had mixed success, with ongoing migration driven by broader economic factors.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of urban planning initiatives in managing internal migration in cities like Houston.

Answer: Urban planning initiatives in Houston, such as expanding transportation networks and developing affordable housing, aim to accommodate growing populations. Effectiveness varies; while some projects alleviate congestion and provide affordable options, rapid migration can outpace planning efforts, leading to urban sprawl and resource strain. Overall, strategic planning has improved management but requires continuous adaptation to migration trends.