Question 1: Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, often for reasons such as economic opportunity, safety, or environmental factors.

Answer: Migration is the movement of people between regions, influenced by various factors such as economics, safety, or environment.

Question 2: Push Factors: Conditions that drive people to leave their current location, such as unemployment or natural disasters.

Answer: Push factors are conditions like unemployment or disasters that motivate people to migrate away from their current area.

Question 3: Pull Factors: Attractive conditions that encourage people to move to a new area, such as job opportunities or better living standards.

Answer: Pull factors are attractive features like jobs or better living conditions that draw migrants to a new area.

Question 4: Internal Migration: Movement within a country, such as from rural to urban areas.

Answer: Internal migration involves moving within a country's borders, like urbanization from rural areas.

Question 5: International Migration: Movement across country borders, such as from Mexico to the United States.

Answer: International migration is moving between countries, for example, from Mexico to the US.

Question 1: Which region in the US has experienced the most significant rural-to-urban migration in recent decades?

Answer: The Sun Belt states such as California, Texas, and Florida

Question 2: Name two push factors that have historically caused migration from the Appalachian region to other parts of the US.

Answer: Economic decline and lack of employment opportunities

Question 3: What is one example of international migration into the United States in the 21st century?

Answer: Migration from Mexico for work and family reunification

Question 4: Explain the concept of urbanization in the context of US migration patterns.

Answer: Urbanization refers to the increasing movement of people from rural areas to cities, driven by economic opportunities and better services, leading to growth of urban populations.

Question 1: Read the case study about the migration trends in Texas from 2000 to 2020. The population increased by 20% due to migration from northern states and international arrivals. Identify two impacts of this migration on Texas's economy and environment.

Answer: Economic impacts include increased demand for housing and services; environmental impacts involve strain on natural resources and increased pollution.

Question 2: Discuss how government policies in Texas may have influenced migration patterns during this period.

Answer: Policies such as tax incentives for businesses, housing development programs, and relaxed immigration laws likely attracted migrants, influencing the growth patterns.

Question 1: Analyse the causes of the significant migration from the Rust Belt to the Sun Belt in the United States.

Answer: Causes include deindustrialization and job losses in the Rust Belt, coupled with economic growth, warmer climate, and affordable housing in the Sun Belt, prompting internal migration.

Question 2: Explain why environmental factors such as climate change are increasingly influencing migration decisions in the US.

Answer: Environmental factors like hurricanes, wildfires, and rising sea levels make certain areas less habitable, prompting migration away from vulnerable regions.

Question 3: Analyze the social impacts of migration on urban areas such as New York City or Los Angeles.

Answer: Social impacts include increased cultural diversity, strain on infrastructure, housing shortages, and challenges in providing services.

Question 1: To what extent have government policies been successful in managing internal migration in the United States? Consider economic, social, and environmental factors in your answer. (8-12 marks)

Answer: Government policies such as urban development programs, infrastructure investment, and housing incentives have had mixed success. They have helped accommodate growing urban populations but also led to issues like urban sprawl and social inequality. Effective management requires integrated strategies that balance economic growth with environmental sustainability and social equity.

Question 2: Evaluate the impact of migration on regional inequality in the US, considering both opportunities and challenges.

Answer: Migration can reduce regional disparities by redistributing economic activity and resources, fostering growth in less developed areas. However, it can also exacerbate inequalities in urban centers through increased housing costs and social tensions. Policies aimed at balanced regional development are essential to maximize benefits and minimize challenges.