Question 1: What is a 'magma chamber'?

Answer: A cavity beneath the Earth's surface where magma is stored before an eruption

Question 2: Define 'seismic waves'.

Answer: Vibrations that travel through the Earth's crust during an earthquake

Question 3: What does 'tectonic plate' mean?

Answer: A large slab of Earth's lithosphere that moves and interacts at its boundaries

Question 4: Explain 'volcanic eruption'.

Answer: The process where magma, gases, and ash are expelled from a volcano

Question 5: What is the 'Epicenter' of an earthquake?

Answer: The point on Earth's surface directly above the focus where the earthquake originates

Question 1: Which type of volcano is characterized by gentle slopes and lava flows?

Answer: Shield volcano

Question 2: Name the country where the 2010 Haiti earthquake occurred.

Answer: Haiti

Question 3: Identify the main cause of most earthquakes in the world.

Answer: Tectonic plate movements

Question 4: Briefly describe what happens during a volcanic eruption.

Answer: Magma rises through the volcano's vent, releasing gases, ash, and lava into the atmosphere

Question 5: What is the main difference between an earthquake's focus and epicenter?

Answer: The focus is the point inside the Earth where the earthquake starts; the epicenter is directly above it on the surface

Question 1: The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused significant destruction. Describe two impacts this eruption had on the surrounding environment and local communities.

Answer: Destruction of forests and wildlife habitats; displacement of residents and damage to infrastructure

Question 2: The 2013 earthquake in the Philippines had a magnitude of 7.1. Explain how the tectonic setting of the Philippines contributes to its earthquake risk.

Answer: The Philippines is located on the boundary of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate, where plates interact and cause frequent seismic activity

Question 1: Analyse the main causes of volcanic eruptions.

Answer: Volcanic eruptions are caused by the upward movement of magma due to tectonic plate movements, the build-up of pressure in magma chambers, and the presence of gases within the magma.

Question 2: Explain why earthquakes are more common along tectonic plate boundaries.

Answer: Earthquakes occur mainly at plate boundaries because of the intense stress and friction from plates colliding, sliding past, or pulling apart, which causes sudden releases of energy.

Question 3: Describe how the Earth's crust responds to tectonic stresses in earthquake zones.

Answer: The crust accumulates elastic energy until it fractures along faults, releasing energy as seismic waves during an earthquake.

Question 1: To what extent do volcanic eruptions and earthquakes pose a threat to human populations, and how effective are current strategies in managing these risks?

Answer: Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes pose significant risks through destruction of property, loss of life, and environmental damage. Strategies like early warning systems, evacuation plans, and land-use zoning have improved safety. However, challenges remain in predicting eruptions accurately and ensuring vulnerable communities are adequately protected. Overall, while progress has been made, complete risk elimination is unlikely, requiring ongoing preparedness and mitigation efforts.