Question 1: Define 'subduction zone'.

Answer: A region where one tectonic plate is forced under another, often leading to volcanic activity.

Question 2: What is a 'magma chamber'?

Answer: An underground pool of molten rock beneath a volcano.

Question 3: Explain what an 'epicentre' is in relation to earthquakes.

Answer: The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Question 4: Name the tectonic plates involved in the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Answer: Pacific Plate, North American Plate, Eurasian Plate, and others.

Question 5: List two primary effects of a volcanic eruption.

Answer: Lava flow and ash fall.

Question 6: Define 'seismic waves'.

Answer: Vibrations that travel through the Earth's crust during an earthquake.

Question 1: Which tectonic boundary is most commonly associated with the formation of volcanoes?

Answer: Convergent boundaries

Question 2: Name the volcano that erupted in 1980 in the USA and caused widespread destruction.

Answer: Mount St. Helens

Question 3: What is the primary cause of earthquakes?

Answer: Sudden movement along fault lines

Question 4: Name the country affected by the devastating 2010 earthquake that caused over 200,000 deaths.

Answer: Haiti

Question 1: Describe the main causes of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

Answer: The earthquake was caused by the movement along the Enriquillo-Plantain Garden fault, a strike-slip fault at a transform boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates.

Question 2: Identify two major impacts of the earthquake on Haiti's infrastructure and population.

Answer: Widespread destruction of buildings and roads; over 200,000 deaths and hundreds of thousands injured.

Question 3: Explain how the geographical location of Haiti contributed to the severity of the earthquake's impacts.

Answer: Haiti's location on a major fault line made it susceptible to seismic activity, and its poor infrastructure increased vulnerability to damage.

Question 4: Suggest two strategies that could reduce the impact of future earthquakes in Haiti.

Answer: Improving building standards and infrastructure resilience; establishing early warning systems.

Question 1: Explain why subduction zones are associated with explosive volcanic eruptions.

Answer: Subduction zones involve one plate being forced beneath another, leading to high pressure and melting of rocks, which produces magma. This magma is viscous and gas-rich, causing explosive eruptions, exemplified by volcanoes like Mount St. Helens.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of seismic waves propagating during an earthquake and how they affect the Earth's surface.

Answer: Seismic waves are generated by the sudden release of energy along fault lines. These waves travel through the Earth's crust, causing shaking and damage at the surface. The intensity depends on the earthquake's magnitude and depth.

Question 1: To what extent are current strategies effective in managing the risks posed by volcanoes and earthquakes?

Answer: Current strategies such as early warning systems, hazard mapping, and building regulations have improved preparedness and reduced casualties. However, effectiveness varies depending on economic resources, infrastructure resilience, and community awareness. In some regions, limited funding and political challenges hinder comprehensive risk management, making it essential to adopt a multifaceted approach combining technology, education, and sustainable development.