Question 1: What is a 'cirque', and how does it form?

Answer: A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression on a mountain side formed by glacial erosion through freeze-thaw action and plucking.

Question 2: Define a 'U-shaped valley' and explain its formation.

Answer: A U-shaped valley is a broad, flat-bottomed valley with steep sides formed by glacial erosion during ice movement.

Question 3: What is an 'arête' in glacial landscapes?

Answer: An arête is a sharp ridge formed between two cirques or glacial valleys through erosion.

Question 4: Name the landform characterized by a bowl-shaped hollow, often filled with water.

Answer: A tarn, which is a small mountain lake formed in a cirque.

Question 5: Give an example of a glacial landform found in the Scottish Highlands.

Answer: The Cairngorms feature several glacial landforms, including corries and U-shaped valleys.

Question 1: Which process primarily shapes a U-shaped valley during glaciation?

Answer: Abrasion and plucking

Question 2: Name one UK location famous for its glacial landforms.

Answer: The Lake District (e.g., Keswick, Borrowdale)

Question 3: True or False: Glacial erosion can create both sharp ridges and broad valleys.

Answer: True

Question 4: Describe the process of 'freeze-thaw' in glacial landscape formation.

Answer: Freeze-thaw involves water entering cracks in rocks, freezing overnight, expanding, and causing the rock to break apart over time.

Question 5: Identify the main types of glacial deposits.

Answer: Erratics, till, and stratified drift.

Question 1: Describe how glacial processes have shaped the landscape of the Lake District, including specific landforms.

Answer: The Lake District was heavily glaciated during the last Ice Age. Glacial erosion formed U-shaped valleys like Borrowdale, cirques such as Grizedale, and arêtes like Blencathra. The glaciers also left behind deposits like erratics, and the landscape's rugged features are a direct result of these processes.

Question 2: Using the case study, explain the significance of glacial landforms for local tourism and outdoor activities.

Answer: Glacial landforms such as U-shaped valleys and tarns attract hikers, climbers, and tourists. Features like Keswick and Ambleside benefit economically from outdoor tourism centered around these natural landscapes.

Question 1: Explain why the climate during the last Ice Age was conducive to extensive glaciation in the UK.

Answer: The last Ice Age featured a colder climate, with temperatures significantly lower than today. Increased snowfall and reduced melting allowed glaciers to advance. The position of the North Atlantic jet stream and variations in solar radiation contributed to prolonged cold periods, enabling extensive glaciation in the UK.

Question 2: Analyse the impact of glacial erosion on the UK landscape today.

Answer: Glacial erosion has created distinctive landforms such as deep U-shaped valleys, corries, and arêtes, which influence drainage patterns and landscape aesthetics. These features also affect land use and tourism, and ongoing erosion processes continue to modify the landscape over time.

Question 3: Discuss the limitations of studying glacial landforms solely through textual descriptions.

Answer: Textual descriptions lack visual context and may omit spatial relationships, leading to incomplete understanding. They also cannot replace visual cues like scale and topography, which are important for fully grasping complex landforms.

Question 1: To what extent have glacial landforms shaped the current landscape of the UK, and how might future climate change affect these features?

Answer: Glacial landforms have profoundly shaped the UK's landscape, creating valleys, lakes, and ridges that define regions like the Lake District and Scottish Highlands. These features are integral to the natural environment and tourism industry. However, climate change may lead to glacier retreat, reducing the size and prominence of these landforms, potentially altering ecosystems and landscape recognition. While some landforms may erode or disappear, others might be preserved through conservation efforts. Overall, glacial landforms are central to understanding the UK's physical geography, but their future depends on climate patterns and human intervention.