Question 1: Define 'hazard mitigation' in the context of tectonic hazards.

Answer: Hazard mitigation involves strategies and measures to reduce the impact of tectonic hazards on people and property.

Question 2: What is 'disaster preparedness', and how does it differ from 'disaster response'?

Answer: Disaster preparedness involves planning and measures taken before a hazard occurs to minimize its impact, while disaster response refers to actions taken during and immediately after a hazard to save lives and property.

Question 3: Give an example of a primary and secondary effect of an earthquake.

Answer: Primary effect: destruction of buildings; Secondary effect: fires caused by ruptured gas lines.

Question 4: Explain the term 'resilience' in the context of hazard management.

Answer: Resilience refers to the ability of a community or system to recover quickly from a hazard.

Question 5: Name two international agencies involved in disaster relief and management.

Answer: United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).

Question 1: Which country experienced a devastating earthquake in 2010 that prompted widespread disaster management efforts?

Answer: Haiti

Question 2: What is the primary purpose of building earthquake-resistant structures?

Answer: To reduce damage and save lives during an earthquake

Question 3: Name one physical barrier and one technological measure used in hazard management.

Answer: Physical barrier: Sea walls; Technological measure: Early warning systems.

Question 4: Describe the role of emergency drills in hazard preparedness.

Answer: Emergency drills prepare communities by practicing evacuation procedures, improving response times, and reducing panic during actual disasters.

Question 5: Identify two challenges faced by developing countries in managing tectonic hazards.

Answer: Limited financial resources and lack of infrastructure or technology for early warning systems.

Question 1: Based on the 2010 Haiti earthquake, analyze the effectiveness of the disaster response and recovery efforts.

Answer: The response was hindered by poor infrastructure, limited resources, and inadequate planning, leading to high casualties and slow recovery. International aid played a crucial role, but long-term resilience remains a challenge.

Question 2: Describe the earthquake-resistant measures implemented in Japan after the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami and earthquake.

Answer: Japan enhanced building codes, developed advanced early warning systems, constructed tsunami barriers, and improved community evacuation plans to increase resilience against future hazards.

Question 3: Evaluate the success of Japan’s hazard management strategies in reducing loss of life during the 2011 disaster.

Answer: Japan’s strategies significantly reduced casualties through early warning systems, strict building codes, and public education. However, some areas still suffered severe damage, highlighting ongoing challenges in hazard management.

Question 4: What lessons can be learned from the Haiti and Japan case studies to improve global hazard management?

Answer: Lessons include the importance of early warning systems, infrastructure resilience, community education, international cooperation, and tailored strategies suited to each country's resources and vulnerabilities.

Question 1: Explain why developed countries like Japan are better equipped to manage tectonic hazards than developing countries like Haiti.

Answer: Developed countries have advanced technology, better infrastructure, higher financial resources, and effective governance, enabling more comprehensive hazard management and faster response times.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of the high vulnerability of Haiti to tectonic hazards.

Answer: Haiti’s vulnerability stems from poor infrastructure, lack of early warning systems, limited emergency preparedness, low economic development, and geographical exposure to tectonic activity along the Caribbean and North American plates.

Question 1: To what extent do you think international aid is effective in improving hazard resilience in countries like Haiti?

Answer: International aid provides immediate relief and funding for rebuilding, but its effectiveness depends on coordination, long-term planning, and local capacity building. Challenges include dependency and misallocation of resources, so while aid is vital, sustainable local strategies are essential for lasting resilience.

Question 2: Evaluate the long-term impacts of hazard management strategies such as building codes and early warning systems in reducing casualties and damage.

Answer: Long-term strategies like strict building codes and early warning systems significantly reduce casualties and infrastructure damage, as evidenced in Japan. However, their success depends on consistent enforcement, public compliance, and continuous technological upgrades, especially in less developed regions.