Question 1: Define 'hazard mitigation' in the context of tectonic hazards.

Answer: Hazard mitigation involves measures taken to reduce or eliminate the impact of tectonic hazards, such as strengthening buildings or implementing early warning systems.

Question 2: What is 'resilience' in disaster management?

Answer: Resilience refers to the ability of a community or system to recover quickly from a tectonic hazard or disaster.

Question 3: Explain 'early warning systems' and give an example.

Answer: Early warning systems are technologies and procedures used to detect and communicate impending hazards, allowing for timely evacuation or preparation. Example: Japan’s earthquake early warning network.

Question 4: Name two types of hazard management strategies.

Answer: Preparedness and mitigation.

Question 5: What is the purpose of land-use planning in hazard management?

Answer: Land-use planning aims to restrict development in high-risk areas and promote safer construction practices to reduce damage and casualties.

Question 6: Define 'emergency response' in relation to tectonic hazards.

Answer: Emergency response involves immediate actions taken to protect people and property after a tectonic hazard occurs.

Question 1: Which country is known for its advanced early warning system for earthquakes?

Answer: Japan

Question 2: Name a primary method used to reduce the impact of volcanic eruptions.

Answer: Creating exclusion zones around volcanoes to prevent settlement and limit damage.

Question 3: What does 'building codes' refer to in hazard management?

Answer: Regulations that specify standards for construction to ensure buildings can withstand tectonic activity.

Question 4: Describe one challenge of hazard management in developing countries like Nepal.

Answer: Limited resources and infrastructure can hinder effective hazard mitigation and response efforts.

Question 1: Based on Nepal’s 2015 earthquake, identify two key strategies used for disaster preparedness.

Answer: International aid response and community training programs for earthquake preparedness.

Question 2: Analyze the effectiveness of Nepal’s response in reducing casualties during the 2015 earthquake.

Answer: Nepal’s response included rapid mobilization of rescue teams and international aid, which helped save lives despite challenging terrain. However, limited infrastructure and resources meant that some areas experienced higher casualties and slower recovery, indicating room for improvement in preparedness and response planning.

Question 1: Explain why early warning systems are vital in earthquake-prone regions like Japan.

Answer: Early warning systems provide advance notice of an impending earthquake, allowing people to evacuate and safeguard critical infrastructure, thereby reducing injuries and damages.

Question 2: Analyse the main challenges faced when implementing hazard mitigation strategies in Haiti.

Answer: Challenges include limited financial resources, political instability, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of public awareness, which hinder effective hazard mitigation and community resilience.

Question 3: Explain the role of land-use planning in reducing earthquake damage in urban areas.

Answer: Land-use planning restricts construction in high-risk zones and enforces building regulations, reducing structural damage and casualties during earthquakes.

Question 1: To what extent have hazard management strategies in Japan been successful in reducing earthquake impacts? Discuss with examples.

Answer: Japan’s investment in early warning systems, strict building codes, and public education programs have significantly reduced casualties and damage, exemplified by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. However, some areas still suffer severe impacts due to unexpected magnitudes or infrastructure failures, indicating that while strategies are highly effective, they are not foolproof. Continuous improvement, technological innovation, and public engagement are essential to enhance resilience further.