Question 1: Define 'magma'.

Answer: Magma is molten rock stored beneath the Earth's surface.

Question 2: What is a 'shield volcano'?

Answer: A volcano with gentle slopes formed by low-viscosity lava flows.

Question 3: Explain the term 'subduction zone'.

Answer: A region where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another, often leading to volcanic activity.

Question 4: Name the three main types of volcanoes.

Answer: Composite (stratovolcano), shield volcano, and cinder cone.

Question 5: Give an example of a famous volcano and its location.

Answer: Mount Vesuvius in Italy.

Question 1: What process causes most volcanoes to form at destructive plate boundaries?

Answer: Subduction of one tectonic plate beneath another causes melting and magma formation.

Question 2: Name the two main types of volcanic eruptions based on eruption style.

Answer: Explosive and effusive eruptions.

Question 3: Identify the location of the Pacific Ring of Fire and explain its significance.

Answer: The Pacific Ring of Fire is a region around the Pacific Ocean known for frequent earthquakes and volcanoes, due to active tectonic plate boundaries.

Question 4: What is the main hazard associated with stratovolcanoes during an eruption?

Answer: Pyroclastic flows and ash falls.

Question 1: Describe the impact of the AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius on the city of Pompeii.

Answer: The eruption buried Pompeii under ash and pumice, killing around 2,000 residents and preserving the city under volcanic material, providing valuable archaeological insights.

Question 2: Identify two strategies used to manage the risk posed by Mount Vesuvius today.

Answer: Monitoring and surveillance systems, public education and evacuation plans.

Question 3: Discuss the economic and social impacts of the 1944 eruption of Mount Vesuvius.

Answer: The eruption caused destruction of property and farmland, displacement of residents, and increased awareness of volcanic risk in the region.

Question 1: Explain why subduction zones are associated with explosive volcanoes.

Answer: Subduction zones generate high-pressure, silica-rich magma that is viscous, leading to build-up of pressure and explosive eruptions. The descending plate melts and releases gases that contribute to explosive activity.

Question 2: Analyse the reasons why some volcanoes are more likely to cause widespread damage than others.

Answer: Factors include eruption style (explosive vs. effusive), proximity to populated areas, eruption frequency, and the type of volcanic hazard (pyroclastic flows, ash falls, lahars).

Question 3: Describe the global distribution of volcanoes and explain the pattern.

Answer: Volcanoes are mainly distributed along tectonic plate boundaries, especially around the Pacific Ring of Fire, and at some divergent boundaries like Iceland, reflecting areas of active plate movement.

Question 1: To what extent are monitoring and evacuation strategies effective in reducing casualties from volcanic eruptions? Support your answer with examples.

Answer: Monitoring and evacuation are generally effective in reducing casualties, as seen in recent eruptions like Mount Merapi in Indonesia. Early warning systems allow timely evacuations, minimizing loss of life. However, effectiveness depends on rapid response, community awareness, and infrastructure. Challenges include false alarms, limited resources, and difficult terrain. Ultimately, these strategies significantly reduce casualties but cannot eliminate all risk due to unpredictable eruption behaviors.