Question 1: Define Gross National Income (GNI) and explain its significance in measuring development.

Answer: GNI is the total income earned by a country's residents and businesses, including income from abroad; it indicates the economic strength of a country.

Question 2: What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure? Name at least two components.

Answer: HDI measures a country's social and economic development, including life expectancy and education levels.

Question 3: Explain the term 'life expectancy' and why it is used as a development indicator.

Answer: Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live; it reflects healthcare and living standards.

Question 4: Name two other development indicators used by geographers.

Answer: Infant mortality rate and literacy rate.

Question 5: Provide an example of a high-income country and a low-income country.

Answer: High-income country: United Kingdom; Low-income country: Nigeria.

Question 1: Which development indicator is most commonly used to compare overall living standards across countries?

Answer: Human Development Index (HDI)

Question 2: Name the country with the highest HDI according to recent UN data.

Answer: Norway

Question 3: What does a high infant mortality rate indicate about a country's healthcare system?

Answer: It indicates poor healthcare and living conditions, often associated with lower development levels.

Question 4: Identify two factors that can influence life expectancy in a country.

Answer: Access to healthcare and levels of nutrition.

Question 5: Explain the difference between GNI and GDP.

Answer: GNI includes income from abroad, whereas GDP only accounts for the value of goods and services produced within a country.

Question 1: Based on Nigeria's recent development data, identify two positive changes and two challenges the country faces.

Answer: Positive changes include increased GNI and improved access to education; challenges include high infant mortality and unequal income distribution.

Question 2: Analyze how Nigeria's oil industry impacts its GNI and overall development indicators.

Answer: The oil industry boosts GNI significantly but can lead to economic dependence on oil, environmental issues, and inequality, affecting sustainable development.

Question 3: Evaluate the effectiveness of Nigeria's government programs aimed at improving health and education.

Answer: While programs like the National Health Insurance Scheme and education reforms have improved access, challenges remain due to funding, infrastructure, and regional disparities, limiting overall effectiveness.

Question 1: Explain why some countries with abundant natural resources still experience low levels of human development.

Answer: Resource wealth can lead to corruption, economic inequality, and neglect of social services. The 'resource curse' phenomena explains how resource dependence may hinder diversification and sustainable development.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of regional disparities within Nigeria.

Answer: Disparities are caused by unequal distribution of resources, infrastructure development concentrated in urban areas, political instability, and varying access to education and healthcare across regions.

Question 1: To what extent have international development programs successfully reduced disparities in Nigeria? Consider both positive impacts and ongoing challenges.

Answer: International programs like aid, investment, and health initiatives have improved access to healthcare and education in Nigeria, especially in rural areas. However, challenges such as corruption, political instability, and unequal resource distribution limit their overall success. While some regions have benefited, disparities remain significant, indicating that these strategies need to be more targeted and sustainable for long-term impact.