Question 1: Define 'squatter settlement' and give an example of a famous one.

Answer: A squatter settlement is an informal housing area built without legal permission; example: Kibera in Nairobi.

Question 2: What does 'urbanization' mean?

Answer: The increasing number of people living in urban areas.

Question 3: Explain 'land tenure' and its relevance to squatter settlements.

Answer: Land tenure refers to the legal rights over land; lack of secure land tenure encourages informal settlements.

Question 4: Name two environmental issues commonly associated with squatter settlements.

Answer: Pollution and deforestation.

Question 5: Identify a city where squatter settlements have become prominent.

Answer: Mumbai.

Question 1: What is the primary reason people move into squatter settlements in cities like Nairobi and Mumbai?

Answer: Rapid rural-urban migration

Question 2: Name the largest squatter settlement in Africa and one challenge it faces.

Answer: Kibera; challenges include poor sanitation and lack of clean water.

Question 3: Describe two characteristics of squatter settlements.

Answer: Overcrowding and poorly constructed housing.

Question 4: Which factor often limits the ability of residents to improve their housing in squatter settlements?

Answer: Lack of legal land rights

Question 5: Name one environmental impact caused by squatter settlements in Rio de Janeiro.

Answer: Deforestation due to expansion.

Question 1: Based on the case study, identify two social issues faced by residents of Kibera.

Answer: Lack of access to clean water and inadequate sanitation facilities.

Question 2: What economic factors contribute to the growth of Kibera?

Answer: High unemployment rates and limited access to formal employment opportunities.

Question 3: Describe one health-related problem associated with Kibera.

Answer: High prevalence of waterborne diseases due to poor sanitation.

Question 4: Suggest one potential intervention to improve living conditions in Kibera.

Answer: Implementing community-led sanitation and water supply projects.

Question 1: Explain why rural-urban migration is a key driver of squatter settlement growth in cities like Mumbai.

Answer: Rural-urban migration increases the urban population rapidly, often outpacing housing development. People move seeking better employment and education but face high housing costs, leading them to settle informally on available land.

Question 2: Analyse the environmental impacts of expanding squatter settlements in Nairobi's slum areas.

Answer: Environmental impacts include deforestation for settlement expansion, increased pollution due to inadequate waste management, and strain on local resources such as water and sanitation facilities, leading to degradation of the local environment.

Question 3: Explain how lack of formal land tenure contributes to the challenges faced in improving squatter settlements.

Answer: Without legal land rights, residents have limited motivation or permission to invest in improving their homes, which perpetuates poor living conditions and hampers urban planning efforts.

Question 1: To what extent are government resettlement programs effective in reducing the growth of squatter settlements? Support your answer with examples.

Answer: Government resettlement programs can be effective if well-planned, providing secure land tenure, adequate infrastructure, and social services. For example, the Favela-Bavari program in Rio has improved some areas, but challenges such as displacement and lack of community involvement often limit success. Overall, effectiveness varies based on implementation and local context, and in many cases, programs struggle to meet the needs of residents, leading to continued growth of informal settlements.