Question 1: What is congestion in an urban context?

Answer: A situation where traffic flow is slowed or halted due to high vehicle density.

Question 2: Define 'congestion charge' and give an example city.

Answer: A fee charged to drivers for entering certain areas in a city during peak times, e.g., London.

Question 3: What does 'intelligent transport systems' (ITS) refer to?

Answer: Technology-based systems that manage traffic flow using sensors, cameras, and automated signals.

Question 4: Name a city that has implemented bus rapid transit (BRT) systems.

Answer: Curitiba, Brazil

Question 5: Explain what 'modal split' means in urban transportation.

Answer: The percentage distribution of travelers using different modes of transport, e.g., cars, buses, bicycles.

Question 1: Which of the following is a common strategy used to reduce city congestion?

Answer: Congestion charges

Question 2: Name the UK city that introduced a congestion charge in 2003 to reduce traffic in its central area.

Answer: London

Question 3: What is the primary aim of implementing bus rapid transit (BRT) systems?

Answer: To improve public transport efficiency and encourage people to use buses instead of private cars.

Question 4: Which city is famous for its 'ring road' to manage traffic flow around the city center?

Answer: Moscow

Question 1: Describe the main features of London's congestion charge scheme and its impact since 2003.

Answer: The congestion charge is a fee for vehicles entering central London during peak hours, aiming to reduce traffic volume. Since its implementation, traffic congestion and air pollution have decreased, and revenues have funded transport improvements.

Question 2: Analyze how London's congestion charge has affected different groups of people and businesses.

Answer: While it has reduced congestion and improved air quality, some low-income drivers and small businesses have faced increased costs. However, public transport improvements have benefited many commuters.

Question 1: Analyse the main causes of traffic congestion in large cities like Delhi and London.

Answer: Causes include high vehicle ownership, inadequate road infrastructure, peak hour demand, and urban population growth. In Delhi, rapid urbanization and limited public transport exacerbate congestion; in London, high car dependence and limited road space are key factors.

Question 2: Explain how technological solutions like intelligent transport systems can improve traffic flow.

Answer: ITS use sensors, cameras, and data analytics to monitor traffic in real-time, optimize traffic signals, provide information to drivers, and reduce congestion and delays.

Question 1: To what extent has London's congestion charge been effective in reducing traffic congestion and pollution? Consider potential drawbacks as well.

Answer: London’s congestion charge has significantly reduced traffic volume and improved air quality, demonstrating its effectiveness. However, some argue it displaces traffic to surrounding areas and imposes financial burdens on certain groups. Overall, it is a successful strategy but should be complemented with other sustainable transport measures for long-term effectiveness.