Question 1: Define 'urbanisation' and provide an example from UK cities.

Answer: Urbanisation is the increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas, exemplified by the growth of London from a population of 8 million in 2000 to over 9 million in 2020.

Question 2: What does 'gentrification' mean in the context of urban change?

Answer: Gentrification refers to the process where higher-income groups move into previously lower-income urban areas, leading to property value increases and social change, as seen in parts of Manchester.

Question 3: Explain 'urban sprawl' with an example from UK cities.

Answer: Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, such as the expansion of outskirts of Birmingham.

Question 4: Define 'deindustrialisation' and its impact on UK cities.

Answer: Deindustrialisation is the decline of manufacturing industries, leading to economic decline and unemployment in cities like Sheffield.

Question 5: What is 'regeneration' in urban planning?

Answer: Regeneration involves redevelopment of urban areas to improve infrastructure, housing, and economic activity, such as in London's Docklands.

Question 1: Which UK city experienced significant growth due to the expansion of the financial sector in the 21st century?

Answer: London

Question 2: Name the process that describes the movement of people from rural areas to cities in the UK.

Answer: Rural-urban migration

Question 3: Identify two major challenges faced by UK cities due to rapid urban growth.

Answer: Housing shortages and traffic congestion

Question 4: What is the main purpose of urban regeneration projects?

Answer: To improve urban areas by redeveloping derelict sites, upgrading infrastructure, and boosting economic activity.

Question 5: Name a UK city that has undergone significant deindustrialisation and subsequent regeneration.

Answer: Sheffield

Question 1: The London Docklands experienced major regeneration starting in the 1980s. Describe two economic impacts of this regeneration.

Answer: Increased employment opportunities in finance and technology sectors, and a boost in property values attracting new residents and businesses.

Question 2: Identify two social issues that arose during the urban regeneration of Manchester’s Ancoats area.

Answer: Displacement of low-income residents and an increase in social inequality.

Question 3: Based on the case study of Birmingham, discuss how urban sprawl has affected local transportation networks.

Answer: Urban sprawl has led to increased reliance on cars, causing congestion and pressure on roads, and making public transport less efficient.

Question 4: Using the London example, explain how regeneration has addressed environmental concerns in urban areas.

Answer: Regeneration projects have included green spaces, sustainable building practices, and improved waste management to reduce environmental impact.

Question 1: Explain why deindustrialisation led to economic decline in cities like Sheffield and Newcastle.

Answer: Deindustrialisation caused the closure of factories and loss of manufacturing jobs, leading to economic decline, increased unemployment, and urban decay in these cities.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of urban sprawl in UK cities such as Birmingham and Manchester.

Answer: Causes include population growth, increased car ownership, desire for larger homes and green spaces, and insufficient urban land use planning, leading to outward expansion.

Question 3: Explain how gentrification can both benefit and harm urban communities.

Answer: Gentrification can benefit communities by improving infrastructure and increasing property values, attracting investment. However, it can also displace low-income residents and lead to social exclusion.

Question 1: To what extent have regeneration projects in UK cities successfully addressed social inequality? Evaluate with references to specific case studies.

Answer: Regeneration projects like London's Docklands and Manchester's Northern Quarter have improved infrastructure, created jobs, and attracted investment. However, challenges remain, such as displacement of low-income residents and rising living costs, which can exacerbate social inequality. Overall, while regeneration has positive aspects, its success depends on inclusive planning and community involvement.