Question 1: What is 'urban sprawl'?

Answer: Urban sprawl is the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land.

Question 2: Define 'green infrastructure'.

Answer: Green infrastructure includes natural and semi-natural systems that provide environmental benefits in urban areas, such as parks and green roofs.

Question 3: Explain 'sustainable transport'.

Answer: Transport that reduces environmental impact, such as cycling, public transit, and electric vehicles.

Question 4: What is 'urban heat island effect'?

Answer: The phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities and infrastructure.

Question 5: Name two benefits of sustainable urban development.

Answer: Reduced pollution and improved quality of life.

Question 1: Which city is known for its extensive use of green roofs and sustainable transport initiatives?

Answer: London

Question 2: Name one major challenge faced by Mumbai in achieving urban sustainability.

Answer: Overpopulation leading to strain on infrastructure and resources.

Question 3: What does 'climate resilience' mean in urban contexts?

Answer: The ability of a city to absorb and recover from climate-related shocks and stresses.

Question 4: Identify two environmental benefits of urban green spaces.

Answer: Improved air quality and reduced urban heat island effect.

Question 1: Based on the case study, describe two strategies London has implemented to promote urban sustainability.

Answer: London has expanded green roofs and promoted cycling infrastructure to reduce pollution and urban heat.

Question 2: In Mumbai, what are the main social and environmental challenges related to urban sustainability described in the case study?

Answer: Challenges include overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, pollution, and water scarcity.

Question 3: Explain how urban population growth impacts resource consumption in both London and Mumbai.

Answer: Population growth increases demand for water, energy, and land, straining infrastructure and increasing pollution.

Question 4: Analyse the effectiveness of public transportation in reducing urban pollution, citing examples from London and Mumbai.

Answer: Public transport reduces reliance on private cars, decreasing emissions; London’s extensive Tube network and Mumbai’s local trains are key examples.

Question 1: Explain why urban areas tend to experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas.

Answer: Urban areas have more concrete and asphalt, which absorb heat, and less vegetation, leading to the urban heat island effect.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of increased air pollution in rapidly growing cities like Mumbai.

Answer: Causes include high vehicle emissions, industrial activities, construction dust, and inadequate waste management.

Question 3: Explain how green infrastructure can help make urban areas more sustainable.

Answer: Green infrastructure improves air quality, manages flood risks, provides habitats, and cools urban environments.

Question 1: To what extent are current strategies in London effective in achieving urban sustainability? Consider environmental, social, and economic factors in your response.

Answer: Current strategies like green roofs, cycling initiatives, and renewable energy projects have improved sustainability indicators, reduced pollution, and enhanced quality of life. However, challenges such as housing affordability and ongoing pollution require further efforts. The effectiveness varies across different districts, and long-term commitment is essential for sustained success.

Question 2: Evaluate the potential of urban green spaces in Mumbai to promote sustainable development. Discuss both benefits and limitations.

Answer: Urban green spaces in Mumbai can improve air quality, reduce heat, and provide recreational areas, contributing to social well-being and environmental resilience. Limitations include limited space due to high population density, maintenance challenges, and competing land uses. While beneficial, green spaces alone cannot resolve all sustainability issues without integrated planning.