Question 1: Define 'urbanisation'.

Answer: The process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in towns and cities.

Question 2: What is 'rural-urban migration'?

Answer: The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of better opportunities.

Question 3: Explain 'megacity' and give an example.

Answer: A very large city with a population over 10 million, such as Lagos, Nigeria.

Question 4: Define 'urban sprawl' and its environmental impacts.

Answer: The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into surrounding rural land, leading to habitat loss and increased pollution.

Question 5: What is 'sustainable urban development'?

Answer: Planning and managing urban growth to meet current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs.

Question 1: Which city is the capital of the UK?

Answer: London

Question 2: Name two reasons why people migrate from rural areas to cities.

Answer: Employment opportunities and better healthcare.

Question 3: Identify one social impact of rapid urbanisation in Mumbai.

Answer: Overcrowding leading to inadequate housing and sanitation.

Question 4: What is the main cause of urban sprawl?

Answer: Uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

Question 1: Based on the case study of Lagos, identify two social challenges caused by rapid urbanisation.

Answer: Overcrowded slums leading to poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare services.

Question 2: Describe one economic benefit of urbanisation in Lagos.

Answer: Creation of jobs in construction, services, and industry boosting economic growth.

Question 3: Explain how urbanisation has affected the environment in Lagos.

Answer: Increased pollution from vehicles and industries, loss of green spaces, and strain on waste management systems.

Question 4: Identify one challenge and one solution related to infrastructure in Lagos.

Answer: Challenge: Traffic congestion; Solution: Development of better public transport systems.

Question 1: Explain why rural-urban migration is a major driver of urbanisation in India.

Answer: People migrate to Indian cities like Mumbai and Delhi seeking better employment, education, and healthcare opportunities, driven by economic disparity between rural and urban areas, and industrial growth attracting workers.

Question 2: Analyse the environmental impacts of rapid urbanisation in London.

Answer: London faces increased air and water pollution, urban heat island effects, and pressure on green spaces due to high-density development and transportation emissions.

Question 3: Explain how urban growth can lead to social inequality, using examples from Mumbai.

Answer: Rapid urban growth often results in the development of informal settlements with limited access to services, creating disparities between wealthy and poor residents, exemplified by Mumbai's Dharavi slum.

Question 1: To what extent have strategies like the London Congestion Charge and Mumbai Slum Upgrading improved urban living conditions? (8-12 marks)

Answer: Strategies such as London's Congestion Charge have successfully reduced vehicle emissions and traffic congestion, improving air quality. Mumbai's slum upgrading projects have enhanced living conditions for many residents, providing better sanitation and infrastructure. However, challenges remain, including ongoing inequality, high costs, and rapid population growth outpacing development efforts. Overall, these strategies have made positive impacts but require continuous adjustments to address evolving urban challenges comprehensively.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of sustainable urban planning in managing the challenges of urbanisation in UK cities.

Answer: Sustainable urban planning in UK cities like London and Bristol emphasizes green spaces, public transportation, and eco-friendly building standards, which help mitigate environmental impacts and improve quality of life. While these initiatives are successful in reducing carbon footprints and promoting social inclusion, implementation varies across cities and often faces financial and political constraints. Overall, sustainable planning is effective but requires strong governance and community involvement for long-term success.