Question 1: What is a continent?

Answer: A large landmass that is separated from other landmasses by oceans or other geographical features.

Question 2: Define an ocean.

Answer: A vast body of salt water that covers much of the Earth's surface and surrounds the continents.

Question 3: Name the seven continents.

Answer: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Australia

Question 4: What is the Pacific Ocean known for?

Answer: Being the largest and deepest ocean on Earth.

Question 5: Explain the difference between hemispheres.

Answer: Hemispheres are halves of the Earth divided by the Equator (northern and southern) or the Prime Meridian (eastern and western).

Question 1: Which continent is the Sahara Desert located on?

Answer: Africa

Question 2: Name the largest continent by land area.

Answer: Asia

Question 3: Identify the ocean that separates Asia from North America.

Answer: Arctic Ocean

Question 4: What is the main reason for the high biodiversity in the Amazon Basin?

Answer: Its location within the Amazon rainforest provides a warm, humid climate and diverse habitats supporting a wide range of species.

Question 5: Name two oceans that are connected through the Drake Passage.

Answer: Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean

Question 1: Read the case study about Pacific Rim countries such as Japan, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Based on this, explain how the Pacific Ocean influences regional economies.

Answer: The Pacific Ocean facilitates international trade through major shipping routes, supports fishing industries, and promotes tourism. Countries like Japan and Indonesia rely heavily on maritime trade routes crossing the Pacific, which boosts their economies and fosters regional cooperation.

Question 2: Identify one environmental challenge faced by Pacific Ocean nations and suggest a possible solution.

Answer: Marine pollution from plastic waste; a possible solution is implementing stricter waste management policies and international cooperation to reduce plastic dumping.

Question 1: Explain why the Himalayas were formed and how they affect climate patterns in South Asia.

Answer: The Himalayas were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. They act as a barrier influencing monsoon patterns, causing heavy rainfall on the southern slopes and affecting climate and weather systems across South Asia.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of ocean currents and their impact on global climate.

Answer: Ocean currents are driven by wind patterns, Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect), and differences in water temperature and salinity. They regulate climate by transporting warm water from the equator towards the poles and cold water towards the equator, affecting regional weather and marine ecosystems.

Question 1: To what extent are international efforts successful in managing the environmental challenges of the Arctic Ocean?

Answer: International efforts such as climate agreements and Arctic Council initiatives have made progress in protecting Arctic ecosystems, but challenges persist due to climate change, resource exploitation, and geopolitical tensions. While cooperation has improved awareness and conservation measures, the rapid melting of ice and increasing shipping routes pose ongoing risks that require further global action.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of strategies used by countries to protect their coastal regions from rising sea levels.

Answer: Countries like the Netherlands have implemented advanced flood defenses and managed retreat strategies successfully. However, in many low-lying nations, limited resources hinder effective protection, making adaptation efforts uneven globally. Overall, proactive planning and technological innovation are crucial, but international cooperation and funding are essential for widespread success.