Question 1: Continent: A large landmass on Earth's surface, generally separated by oceans. Example: Africa.

Answer: Large landmass separated by oceans, e.g., Africa, Asia.

Question 2: Ocean: A vast body of saltwater that covers most of Earth's surface. Example: Pacific Ocean.

Answer: Large saltwater body covering Earth's surface, e.g., Atlantic Ocean.

Question 3: Equator: An imaginary line around the middle of Earth dividing the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Answer: Imaginary line dividing Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Question 4: Hemisphere: Half of the Earth, such as Northern or Southern Hemisphere.

Answer: Half of Earth, e.g., Northern Hemisphere.

Question 5: Archipelago: A group or chain of islands. Example: Indonesia.

Answer: Group of islands, e.g., Indonesia.

Question 1: Which continent is the largest by land area?

Answer: Asia

Question 2: Name the ocean that is the deepest and largest in the world.

Answer: Pacific Ocean

Question 3: Which continent is known for its Sahara Desert?

Answer: Africa

Question 4: Point out the continent that is primarily located in the Southern Hemisphere.

Answer: Australia

Question 5: Describe the significance of the Equator in global geography.

Answer: The Equator divides Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres and is the line of latitude at 0°, influencing climate zones and weather patterns.

Question 1: The Pacific Ocean covers approximately 30% of Earth's surface and is vital for international trade. Discuss two environmental issues affecting the Pacific Ocean and their impact on global trade routes.

Answer: Environmental issues include plastic pollution, which harms marine life and disrupts ecosystems, and rising sea temperatures due to climate change, causing coral bleaching and threatening fisheries. These issues can disrupt shipping routes, affect global trade, and lead to economic losses for countries reliant on maritime trade.

Question 2: The African continent is home to diverse climates, from the Sahara Desert to tropical rainforests. Explain how this diversity influences migration patterns and economic activities.

Answer: Climatic diversity encourages varied economic activities; deserts limit agriculture but promote nomadic pastoralism, while rainforests support forestry and tourism. Migration patterns are influenced by climate; people move from arid regions to more hospitable areas seeking better opportunities, impacting urban growth and resource distribution.

Question 3: Discuss how the melting of Arctic ice could affect global ocean currents and climate patterns.

Answer: Melting Arctic ice reduces the salinity and density of cold ocean water, disrupting thermohaline circulation, which influences climate patterns worldwide. Changes could lead to more extreme weather events, shifts in marine ecosystems, and altered precipitation patterns globally.

Question 1: Explain why the distribution of continents influences ocean currents and climate zones.

Answer: Continents act as barriers and guides for ocean currents, affecting their paths. Their shapes and positions influence the transfer of heat across the globe, creating different climate zones, such as tropical, temperate, and polar areas.

Question 2: Analyse the causes and effects of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest within the context of global geography.

Answer: Causes include agriculture expansion, logging, and infrastructure development. Effects involve loss of biodiversity, disruption of local and global climate regulation, and changes in rainfall patterns, which can affect agriculture and water supply worldwide.

Question 3: Explain how human activity on the coastlines of Australia impacts marine ecosystems and local economies.

Answer: Activities like tourism, fishing, and urban development can lead to habitat destruction, pollution, and overfishing, negatively affecting marine biodiversity. Economically, this can result in reduced fish stocks, harm to tourism industries, and long-term environmental degradation.

Question 1: To what extent have international efforts been successful in protecting the oceans? Evaluate using examples such as marine protected areas and international treaties.

Answer: International efforts like the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs) and treaties such as UNCLOS have made progress in conserving marine biodiversity and regulating fishing. However, enforcement challenges and economic pressures limit their effectiveness. While some MPAs have successfully restored ecosystems, illegal fishing and pollution continue to threaten ocean health, indicating partial success but also the need for stronger global cooperation.