Question 1: Define 'GDP' and explain its significance in assessing a country's economic status.

Answer: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a specific period. It indicates the economic performance and living standards of a country.

Question 2: What is 'urbanization' and how does it affect countries like China and India?

Answer: Urbanization is the increasing number of people living in cities. It leads to economic growth but also pressures on infrastructure, environment, and resources in rapidly urbanizing countries like China and India.

Question 3: Explain the term 'developing country' with an example.

Answer: 'Developing country' refers to a nation with a lower level of industrialization, income, and human development indicators. An example is Nigeria.

Question 4: Define 'population density' and its importance in geographical analysis.

Answer: Population density is the number of people living per unit area. It helps understand the distribution and pressure on resources in different countries.

Question 5: What is 'sustainable development' and why is it important for countries like Brazil and South Africa?

Answer: Sustainable development involves meeting present needs without compromising future resources. It is vital for countries like Brazil and South Africa to balance economic growth with environmental conservation.

Question 1: Which continent is home to the country of Nigeria?

Answer: Africa

Question 2: Name the country with the largest land area in the world.

Answer: Russia

Question 3: Identify two countries in South America that have Amazon rainforest regions.

Answer: Brazil and Peru

Question 4: What is the primary factor driving economic development in South Korea?

Answer: Industrialization and technological innovation

Question 5: Describe one challenge faced by landlocked countries such as Bolivia.

Answer: Limited access to international shipping routes, which increases transportation costs and affects trade.

Question 1: Based on the case study of India, analyze how rapid urbanization has impacted environmental sustainability and infrastructure development.

Answer: India's rapid urbanization has led to increased pollution, strain on waste management systems, and traffic congestion. It has also spurred investments in infrastructure but often outpaces environmental regulation, leading to environmental degradation.

Question 2: Evaluate the effectiveness of China's 'Belt and Road Initiative' in improving connectivity and economic growth among participating countries.

Answer: The Belt and Road Initiative has improved infrastructure connectivity across Asia, Africa, and Europe, facilitating trade and investment. However, concerns over debt sustainability and environmental impacts question its overall effectiveness.

Question 1: Explain the main causes of regional economic disparities between North America and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Answer: Economic disparities are caused by differences in industrialization levels, access to education, infrastructure, historical factors like colonization, and natural resource distribution, leading to higher income and development levels in North America compared to Sub-Saharan Africa.

Question 2: Analyse the reasons behind population growth in countries like Nigeria and Pakistan.

Answer: High birth rates, cultural factors favoring large families, improved healthcare reducing mortality, and lower access to family planning contribute to rapid population growth in Nigeria and Pakistan.

Question 3: Describe how globalization has influenced cultural diversity in countries such as India and South Korea.

Answer: Globalization has introduced foreign cultures, media, and technology, leading to cultural exchange and hybrid identities, while also challenging traditional customs and practices in India and South Korea.

Question 1: To what extent have international aid programs succeeded in reducing poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa? Evaluate using specific examples and considering both positive and negative impacts.

Answer: International aid programs have contributed to improvements in healthcare, education, and infrastructure in Sub-Saharan Africa, exemplified by initiatives like the Global Fund and UNICEF. However, issues such as dependency, misallocation of funds, and lack of long-term sustainability have limited overall success. Some programs have fostered economic growth and health improvements, but challenges remain in achieving lasting poverty reduction. A balanced evaluation considers these benefits and drawbacks, emphasizing the need for locally-led, sustainable development strategies.