Question 1: Urbanization: The process by which cities grow as more people move from rural areas to urban centers. Example: The rapid growth of Houston, Texas.

Answer: Urbanization is the increasing movement of populations into cities, leading to urban growth and expansion.

Question 2: Demographic Transition: A model describing changes in birth and death rates over time as a country develops.

Answer: The demographic transition explains shifts in population growth, often moving from high birth/death rates to low rates as development occurs.

Question 3: Gentrification: The process of renovating deteriorated urban neighborhoods, often leading to displacement of lower-income families.

Answer: Gentrification involves the redevelopment of urban areas, improving infrastructure but sometimes displacing original residents.

Question 4: Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, which can be voluntary or forced. Example: Migration from Mexico to the USA.

Answer: Migration is the movement of people between regions, often driven by economic opportunities or conflict.

Question 5: Cultural Diversity: The presence of multiple cultural or ethnic groups within a society or region.

Answer: Cultural diversity refers to the coexistence of various cultural groups, influencing social and economic aspects.

Question 1: Which city is the largest in North America by population?

Answer: Mexico City

Question 2: Name two major economic activities in the United States.

Answer: Manufacturing and technology services.

Question 3: What process explains the growth of cities like Los Angeles and New York?

Answer: Urbanization

Question 4: Identify one factor that has contributed to migration from Central America to the USA.

Answer: Economic opportunities and escape from violence or political instability.

Question 5: Name a major environmental challenge faced by urban areas in North America.

Answer: Air pollution and traffic congestion.

Question 1: Based on the case study, explain the main economic activities in the Gulf Coast region.

Answer: The Gulf Coast region's main economic activities include oil and gas extraction, shipping and port activities, and petrochemical industries, driven by its access to waterways and natural resources.

Question 2: Identify two environmental challenges faced by the Gulf Coast, as described in the case study.

Answer: Hurricanes causing flooding and damage, and oil spills affecting marine ecosystems.

Question 3: Assess how urbanization has impacted the coastline cities such as Houston and New Orleans.

Answer: Urbanization has led to increased infrastructure development, rising demand for housing, and environmental pressures like habitat loss and pollution.

Question 4: Discuss the social implications of migration trends in the Gulf Coast area.

Answer: Migration has increased cultural diversity but also created challenges related to housing, healthcare, and social services in rapidly growing cities.

Question 1: Explain why urban sprawl is a concern in major North American cities like Toronto and Dallas.

Answer: Urban sprawl leads to increased land consumption, loss of green spaces, longer commute times, and greater pollution. It is driven by population growth, affordable housing in suburbs, and the desire for larger living spaces, challenging sustainable urban development.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of demographic change in the Canadian province of Alberta.

Answer: Demographic change in Alberta is caused by economic migration driven by oil industry booms, high birth rates among immigrant populations, and internal migration from other Canadian provinces seeking employment opportunities in resource sectors.

Question 3: Explain the impact of climate change on coastal cities along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America.

Answer: Climate change increases the frequency and severity of hurricanes and rising sea levels, leading to flooding, erosion, damage to infrastructure, and displacement of communities in cities like Miami and New Orleans.

Question 1: To what extent have urban planning initiatives been successful in managing urban sprawl and environmental sustainability in cities like Vancouver and Austin? Support your answer with examples.

Answer: Urban planning initiatives such as green belts in Vancouver and smart growth policies in Austin aim to contain urban sprawl and promote sustainable development. Vancouver's emphasis on public transportation and protected green spaces has helped limit urban expansion and preserve ecological areas, making it relatively successful. Conversely, Austin's rapid growth has challenged planners, leading to issues like traffic congestion and habitat loss, though recent policies are aiming to address these. Overall, success varies depending on implementation, community involvement, and ongoing policy adjustments, but strategic planning is essential for balancing development and environmental sustainability.