Question 1: Define 'Archipelago' and give an example within Oceania.

Answer: An archipelago is a group or chain of islands. Example: The Hawaiian Islands in Oceania.

Question 2: What is 'Urbanization'? How does it affect coastal cities in Oceania?

Answer: Urbanization is the growth of cities. It leads to increased population density, infrastructure development, and often environmental stress in coastal cities like Auckland and Suva.

Question 3: Explain the term 'Climate Change' and its impact on Pacific Island nations.

Answer: Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns, causing sea level rise and increased storm frequency, severely impacting low-lying Pacific Island nations such as Tuvalu and Kiribati.

Question 4: Describe 'Cultural Diversity' in Oceania with examples.

Answer: Cultural diversity refers to the variety of cultures and ethnic groups. For example, Papua New Guinea has over 800 languages and many distinct cultural groups.

Question 5: What is 'Sustainable Development' and why is it important for Oceania?

Answer: Sustainable development aims to meet present needs without compromising future resources. It is vital for Oceania to balance economic growth with environmental preservation, especially given climate risks.

Question 1: Name the largest country in Oceania by land area.

Answer: Australia

Question 2: Which island nation is known for its unique culture and is part of Polynesia?

Answer: Samoa

Question 3: Identify two major economic activities in Oceania.

Answer: Tourism and fishing.

Question 4: What is the significance of the Great Barrier Reef for Australia's economy and environment?

Answer: The Great Barrier Reef supports tourism and fishing industries and is a vital marine ecosystem, but faces threats from climate change and pollution.

Question 1: Based on the case of Tuvalu, analyze how climate change threatens its population and infrastructure.

Answer: Tuvalu faces rising sea levels due to climate change, risking flooding of entire islands. This threatens homes, freshwater sources, and the survival of its population, forcing migration and international aid efforts.

Question 2: Discuss the economic impacts of climate-induced displacement for Pacific Island nations.

Answer: Displacement leads to loss of livelihoods, decreased tourism, increased costs for relocation and disaster response, and challenges in maintaining cultural identity and sovereignty.

Question 1: Explain why volcanic activity is significant in shaping the geography of Oceania.

Answer: Volcanic activity has created many islands and landforms in Oceania, such as Fiji and Vanuatu. It also influences soil fertility, which affects agriculture and settlement patterns.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of high population density in coastal urban areas of Oceania.

Answer: Coastal urban areas offer better economic opportunities, access to ports for trade and fishing, and climate conditions suitable for living, leading to rapid urbanization in cities like Auckland and Port Moresby.

Question 3: Explain the impact of sea-level rise on low-lying island nations.

Answer: Sea-level rise causes flooding, loss of land, contamination of freshwater supplies, and threatens the very existence of nations like Kiribati and Tuvalu.

Question 1: To what extent are current international efforts effective in addressing climate change impacts in Oceania? Evaluate with reference to specific strategies and challenges.

Answer: International efforts such as climate adaptation funding, renewable energy projects, and policy agreements aim to reduce climate impacts. However, challenges include limited resources, political will, and the scale of environmental change. While some projects improve resilience, many island nations still face existential threats, indicating partial effectiveness and the need for more comprehensive, sustained global cooperation.