Question 1: Urbanization: The process by which cities grow as more people move from rural areas to urban centers. Example: The rapid growth of Lima, Peru.

Answer: Urbanization involves population movement to cities, leading to expansion of urban areas.

Question 2: Cultural Diversity: The presence of various cultural or ethnic groups within a region. Example: The mix of indigenous, European, African, and Asian communities in Brazil.

Answer: Cultural diversity refers to multiple ethnic and cultural groups coexisting within a region.

Question 3: Megacity: A very large city typically with a population over 10 million. Example: São Paulo, Brazil.

Answer: A megacity is a large urban area with over 10 million inhabitants.

Question 4: Regional Development: The economic and social growth within specific parts of a country or continent. Example: Industrial growth in the Andes region.

Answer: Regional development involves economic and social progress in specific areas.

Question 5: Migration: The movement of people from one place to another, often for economic reasons. Example: Migration from rural Colombia to Bogotá.

Answer: Migration is the movement of people, often for work or better opportunities.

Question 1: Which South American country has the largest population? A) Argentina, B) Brazil, C) Colombia, D) Peru

Answer: B

Question 2: Name two major urban centers in South America known for their cultural and economic significance.

Answer: São Paulo and Buenos Aires

Question 3: What is the primary driver of urbanization in South American countries like Colombia and Brazil?

Answer: Rural-urban migration driven by the search for employment, education, and better living standards.

Question 4: Identify one challenge faced by rapidly growing cities in South America.

Answer: Overcrowding and strain on infrastructure

Question 5: Which South American country is known for its high degree of cultural diversity due to historical migration patterns?

Answer: B

Question 1: Based on the case study of São Paulo, identify two social or economic impacts of rapid urban growth.

Answer: Impacts include increased inequality, housing shortages, and expanded informal settlements like favelas.

Question 2: Discuss two challenges that São Paulo faces due to urbanization and propose potential solutions.

Answer: Challenges: Traffic congestion and pollution. Solutions: Improved public transport and stricter environmental regulations.

Question 3: Explain how migration from rural areas has contributed to São Paulo's urban development.

Answer: Migration has increased urban population, leading to expansion of suburbs and informal settlements, and boosting economic activity.

Question 4: Analyze the social inequalities evident in São Paulo’s urban landscape.

Answer: Significant disparities exist between wealthy neighborhoods and impoverished favelas, highlighting unequal access to services and opportunities.

Question 1: Explain why rural-urban migration has accelerated in countries like Colombia and Ecuador in recent decades.

Answer: Factors include economic disparity between rural and urban areas, lack of employment opportunities in rural regions, improved transportation infrastructure, and the perception of better living standards in cities.

Question 2: Analyse the causes of informal settlements, such as favelas, in major South American cities.

Answer: Causes include rural-urban migration, income inequality, lack of affordable housing, and insufficient urban planning and infrastructure development.

Question 3: Explain how economic disparities influence patterns of settlement and urban growth in South America.

Answer: Economic disparities lead to concentration of wealth in certain urban centers, prompting migration and the development of informal settlements in impoverished outskirts.

Question 1: To what extent have government policies been successful in reducing urban poverty and inequality in South American cities like Bogotá and Rio de Janeiro? Support your answer with examples.

Answer: Model answer should discuss policies such as social programs, infrastructure projects, and slum upgrading initiatives. Evaluate their effectiveness, considering successes like improved access to services, and challenges such as ongoing inequality and informal settlements.

Question 2: Evaluate the impact of regional development projects like Colombia’s 'Plan Colombia' on urban and rural communities. Consider both positive and negative aspects.

Answer: Model answer should assess the reduction in violence and improved infrastructure versus displacement, environmental concerns, and unequal benefits across different communities.